Published in J Exp Med on March 01, 1991
Interleukin 4, but not interleukin 5 or eosinophils, is required in a murine model of acute airway hyperreactivity. J Exp Med (1996) 4.54
Differential in situ cytokine gene expression in acute versus chronic atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest (1994) 2.88
Cooperation between interleukin-5 and the chemokine eotaxin to induce eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J Exp Med (1995) 2.83
Type 1 and type 2 cytokine dysregulation in human infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev (1996) 2.77
Interleukin 4 is localized to and released by human mast cells. J Exp Med (1992) 2.00
Airway epithelial cell expression of interleukin-6 in transgenic mice. Uncoupling of airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity. J Clin Invest (1994) 1.96
Expression and generation of interleukin-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by bronchial epithelial cells and enhancement by IL-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Immunology (1992) 1.93
Interleukin 5 messenger RNA expression by eosinophils in the intestinal mucosa of patients with coeliac disease. J Exp Med (1992) 1.88
Relationship between interleukin-5 and eotaxin in regulating blood and tissue eosinophilia in mice. J Clin Invest (1997) 1.86
Eosinophils express interleukin 5 and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor mRNA at sites of allergic inflammation in asthmatics. J Clin Invest (1992) 1.81
Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses. J Clin Invest (1993) 1.66
Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor is a potent histamine-releasing factor for basophils. J Clin Invest (1992) 1.66
Expression of mRNA and immunoreactivity for the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in activated human eosinophils. J Exp Med (1991) 1.64
Allergen immunotherapy decreases interleukin 4 production in CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals. J Exp Med (1993) 1.51
Interleukin-10 inhibits antigen-induced cellular recruitment into the airways of sensitized mice. J Clin Invest (1995) 1.49
Circulating allergen-reactive T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis express the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen. J Exp Med (1995) 1.47
Human peripheral blood basophils primed by interleukin 3 (IL-3) produce IL-4 in response to immunoglobulin E receptor stimulation. J Exp Med (1993) 1.46
How diverse--CD4 effector T cells and their functions. J Mol Cell Biol (2009) 1.44
Th2 cytokines and asthma. The role of interleukin-5 in allergic eosinophilic disease. Respir Res (2001) 1.38
Regulatory T cells in many flavors control asthma. Mucosal Immunol (2010) 1.28
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha activates basophils and mast cells. J Exp Med (1992) 1.27
Mechanisms of acute eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow stimulated by interleukin 5: the role of specific adhesion molecules and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Exp Med (1998) 1.25
Antibody to very late activation antigen 4 prevents antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and cellular infiltration in the guinea pig airways. J Exp Med (1994) 1.22
Psoriasis, T cells and autoimmunity. J R Soc Med (1996) 1.19
Analysis of cytokine profiles in synovial T cell clones from chlamydial reactive arthritis patients: predominance of the Th1 subset. Clin Exp Immunol (1993) 1.16
Cytokines. 3. Cytokines in asthma. Thorax (1993) 1.12
Eosinophils in the 1990s: new perspectives on their role in health and disease. Postgrad Med J (1994) 1.11
Cytokine/anti-cytokine therapy - novel treatments for asthma? Br J Pharmacol (2011) 1.11
Generation of rat Th2-like cells in vitro is interleukin-4-dependent and inhibited by interferon-gamma. Immunology (1993) 1.10
Regulatory T cells: immune suppression and beyond. Cell Mol Immunol (2010) 1.09
Interleukin-4 enhances pulmonary clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun (1998) 1.01
The receptor for interleukin 3 is selectively induced in human endothelial cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha and potentiates interleukin 8 secretion and neutrophil transmigration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1993) 1.00
Allergen-stimulated interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma production in primary culture: responses of subjects with allergic rhinitis and normal controls. Immunology (1995) 0.98
Milk-induced eczema is associated with the expansion of T cells expressing cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. J Clin Invest (1995) 0.98
Interleukin 3 stimulates proliferation and triggers endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 gene activation of human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest (1993) 0.97
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor contributes to enhanced monocyte survival in chronic atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest (1995) 0.97
Amorphous silica nanoparticles size-dependently aggravate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions following an intradermal injection. Part Fibre Toxicol (2012) 0.96
Elimination of IgE regulatory rat CD8+ T cells in vivo differentially modulates interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma but not interleukin-2 production by splenic T cells. Immunology (1993) 0.94
Increased adhesion of human monocytes to IL-4-stimulated human venous endothelial cells via CD11/CD18, and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4)/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-dependent mechanisms. Clin Exp Immunol (1993) 0.90
Absence of interleukin-4 determines less severe pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis associated with impaired Th2 response. Infect Immun (2004) 0.89
Inducible interleukin-4-secreting cells provoked in mice during chemical sensitization. Immunology (1994) 0.87
Elimination of IgE regulatory rat CD8+ T cells in vivo increases the co-ordinate expression of Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. Immunology (1993) 0.87
IgE production in atopic patients is not related to IL-4 production. Clin Exp Immunol (1994) 0.87
Co-expression of CD25 and CD3 in atopic allergy and asthma. Immunology (1992) 0.85
Role of interleukin-5 in enhanced migration of eosinophils from airways of immunized guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol (1994) 0.85
T lymphocytes and mast cells express messenger RNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis. Immunology (1994) 0.85
Altered production of IgE and IgA induced by IL-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol (1992) 0.85
Peptide specificity and HLA restriction do not dictate lymphokine production by allergen-specific T-lymphocyte clones. Immunology (1994) 0.84
Interleukin-3-induced up-regulation of CR3 expression on human eosinophils is inhibited by dexamethasone. Immunology (1992) 0.84
Asthma: new developments in cytokine regulation. Clin Exp Immunol (2004) 0.83
Differences in cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) between patients with atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Clin Exp Immunol (1999) 0.83
Lymphocytes stimulate expression of 5-lipoxygenase and its activating protein in monocytes in vitro via granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3. J Clin Invest (1996) 0.82
Profiling of differentially expressed genes using suppression subtractive hybridization in an equine model of chronic asthma. PLoS One (2012) 0.81
Serum markers of collagen synthesis and degradation in skin diseases. Altered levels in diseases with systemic manifestation and during systemic glucocorticoid treatment. Arch Dermatol Res (1993) 0.81
Clonal analysis of lung and blood T cells in patients with sarcoidosis. Thorax (1994) 0.80
Cytokine expression in allergic inflammation: systematic review of in vivo challenge studies. Mediators Inflamm (2003) 0.80
The effects of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-3 on human eosinophil-basophil lineage commitment: Relevance to atopic sensitization. Immun Inflamm Dis (2014) 0.79
Topical glucocorticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) inhibits cells expressing cytokine mRNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis. Immunology (1994) 0.79
Comprehensive multiplexed protein quantitation delineates eosinophilic and neutrophilic experimental asthma. BMC Pulm Med (2014) 0.78
Transcriptional regulation of the IL-5 gene in peripheral T cells of asthmatic patients. Clin Exp Immunol (2002) 0.78
Elevated allergen-induced IL-13 secretion predicts IgE elevation in children ages 2-5 years. J Clin Immunol (2005) 0.78
Mixture of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Vaccinium uliginosum L. Alleviates DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2012) 0.78
Utilization of biomarker data for clinical and environmental intervention. Environ Health Perspect (1996) 0.77
CD4-CD8- T cells bearing invariant Valpha24JalphaQ TCR alpha-chain are decreased in patients with atopic diseases. Clin Exp Immunol (2000) 0.77
THE MULTIFACETED ROLE OF T CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN PATHOGENESIS AND RESISTANCE TO MYCOPLASMA RESPIRATORY DISEASE. Curr Trends Immunol (2009) 0.77
Acceleration of IgE responses by treatment with recombinant interleukin-3 prior to infection with Trichinella spiralis in mice. Immunology (1996) 0.77
Quantitative analysis of T-cell receptor beta variable-gene usage in cutaneous late-phase reactions: implications for T-lymphocyte recruitment in cutaneous inflammation. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol (1999) 0.76
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 cause basophil histamine release by a common pathway: downregulation by sodium. Immunology (1999) 0.76
Functional heterogeneity of human T cell clones from atopic and non-atopic donors. Clin Exp Immunol (1992) 0.76
T cell epitopes of the major fraction of rye grass Lolium perenne (Lol p I) defined using overlapping peptides in vitro and in vivo. I. Isoallergen clone1A. Clin Exp Immunol (1993) 0.76
Inhibition of murine IgE and immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to ovalbumin by the immunomodulatory agent leflunomide. Clin Exp Immunol (1999) 0.75
Failure to detect deposition of complement and immunoglobulin in allergen-induced late-phase skin reaction in atopic subjects. Clin Exp Immunol (1991) 0.75
Isolation and functional characterization of T cells from human sputum. Clin Exp Immunol (1995) 0.75
Venom immunotherapy modulates interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma messenger RNA expression of peripheral T lymphocytes. Immunology (1996) 0.75
IL-5 in post-traumatic eosinophilic pleural effusion. Clin Exp Immunol (1993) 0.75
Early detection of allergic diseases in otorhinolaryngology. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg (2010) 0.75
Prevention of antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and airway inflammation in sensitized guinea-pigs by tacrolimus. Mediators Inflamm (1999) 0.75
Effects of Sohamhyoong-Tang on Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Reaction in BALB/c Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2016) 0.75
Lesional psoriatic T cells contain the capacity to induce a T cell activation molecule CDw60 on normal keratinocytes. Am J Pathol (1997) 0.75
Influence of atopic dermatitis on reproduction and uterine natural killer cells. J Vet Med Sci (2014) 0.75
Food sensitivity and the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J R Soc Med (1997) 0.75
Intradermal grass pollen immunotherapy increases TH2 and IgE responses and worsens respiratory allergic symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2016) 0.75
Implicating adhesion molecules in nasal allergic inflammation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol (1995) 0.75
New insights into the mechanisms of immunotherapy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol (1995) 0.75
TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol (1989) 31.72
Recombinant human interleukin 5 is a selective activator of human eosinophil function. J Exp Med (1988) 4.60
Heterogeneity of mouse helper T cells. Evidence from bulk cultures and limiting dilution cloning for precursors of Th1 and Th2 cells. J Immunol (1990) 3.86
Evidence for compartmentalization of functional subsets of CD2+ T lymphocytes in atopic patients. J Immunol (1990) 3.77
IL-4 is an essential factor for the IgE synthesis induced in vitro by human T cell clones and their supernatants. J Immunol (1988) 3.47
Human interleukin-5 (IL-5) regulates the production of eosinophils in human bone marrow cultures: comparison and interaction with IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, and GMCSF. Blood (1989) 3.10
Regulation of human eosinophil viability, density, and function by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the presence of 3T3 fibroblasts. J Exp Med (1987) 2.69
Human eosinophils have prolonged survival, enhanced functional properties, and become hypodense when exposed to human interleukin 3. J Clin Invest (1988) 2.15
The relationship between infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes, activated eosinophils, and the magnitude of the allergen-induced late phase cutaneous reaction in man. J Immunol (1988) 2.00
Interleukin 5 and phenotypically altered eosinophils in the blood of patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. J Exp Med (1989) 1.97
Localization of atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA and immunoreactivity in the rat heart and human atrial appendage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1987) 1.74
Molecular organization of the cytokine gene cluster, involving the human IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF genes, on human chromosome 5. Blood (1989) 1.29
Transient elevation of messenger RNA encoding gastrin-releasing peptide, a putative pulmonary growth factor in human fetal lung. J Clin Invest (1987) 1.29
Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy (2008) 12.35
Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Engl J Med (1992) 11.90
The influence of protein binding upon tissue fluid levels of six beta-lactam antibiotics. J Infect Dis (1980) 8.40
Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J Exp Med (1994) 4.36
IL-17 is increased in asthmatic airways and induces human bronchial fibroblasts to produce cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2001) 3.91
Expression of mRNA for interleukin-5 in mucosal bronchial biopsies from asthma. J Clin Invest (1991) 3.88
Eosinophilic bronchitis is an important cause of chronic cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (1999) 3.84
Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis (1990) 3.70
Sputum eosinophilia and short-term response to prednisolone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2000) 3.63
Liposome-mediated CFTR gene transfer to the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. Nat Med (1995) 3.61
Non-eosinophilic corticosteroid unresponsive asthma. Lancet (1999) 3.25
Bronchial biopsies in asthma. An ultrastructural, quantitative study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis (1989) 3.06
Prevalence and rate of diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Eur Respir J (2004) 3.04
The T cell-specific CXC chemokines IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC are expressed by activated human bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol (1999) 2.99
Platelet-activating factor. A potent chemotactic and chemokinetic factor for human eosinophils. J Clin Invest (1986) 2.90
Eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchial biopsy specimens from atopic subjects with asthma: comparison with biopsy specimens from atopic subjects without asthma and normal control subjects and relationship to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol (1991) 2.88
Eosinophil-associated TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and airways fibrosis in bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol (1997) 2.84
Eosinophilic airway inflammation and exacerbations of COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J (2007) 2.78
Standards for practical allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergy (2006) 2.70
Analysis of induced sputum in adults with asthma: identification of subgroup with isolated sputum neutrophilia and poor response to inhaled corticosteroids. Thorax (2002) 2.63
Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy (2005) 2.55
Practical guide to skin prick tests in allergy to aeroallergens. Allergy (2011) 2.51
CCR7 expression and memory T cell diversity in humans. J Immunol (2001) 2.42
Usefulness of immunotherapy in patients with severe summer hay fever uncontrolled by antiallergic drugs. BMJ (1991) 2.32
Elevated expression of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding IL-13 in the bronchial mucosa of atopic and nonatopic subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol (1997) 2.28
Interleukin-9 upregulates mucus expression in the airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol (2000) 2.25
Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): achievements in 10 years and future needs. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2012) 2.17
Respiratory medicine: fighting for survival. BMJ (1992) 2.15
Eosinophils, bronchial hyperreactivity and late-phase asthmatic reactions. Clin Allergy (1985) 2.15
Activation of CD4+ T cells, increased TH2-type cytokine mRNA expression, and eosinophil recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavage after allergen inhalation challenge in patients with atopic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol (1993) 2.11
The CREATE project: development of certified reference materials for allergenic products and validation of methods for their quantification. Allergy (2008) 1.96
IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein in bronchial biopsies from patients with atopic and nonatopic asthma: evidence against "intrinsic" asthma being a distinct immunopathologic entity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (1996) 1.93
Expression and generation of interleukin-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by bronchial epithelial cells and enhancement by IL-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Immunology (1992) 1.93
IL-5 enhances the in vitro adhesion of human eosinophils, but not neutrophils, in a leucocyte integrin (CD11/18)-dependent manner. Immunology (1990) 1.85
Dysregulation of interleukin 4, interleukin 5, and interferon gamma gene expression in steroid-resistant asthma. J Exp Med (1995) 1.83
Airway inflammation, airway responsiveness and cough before and after inhaled budesonide in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis. Eur Respir J (2000) 1.81
Increased expression of eotaxin in bronchoalveolar lavage and airways of asthmatics contributes to the chemotaxis of eosinophils to the site of inflammation. J Immunol (1997) 1.79
Comparison of airway immunopathology of eosinophilic bronchitis and asthma. Thorax (2003) 1.75
BSACI guidelines for the management of drug allergy. Clin Exp Allergy (2009) 1.74
Increases in IL-12 messenger RNA+ cells accompany inhibition of allergen-induced late skin responses after successful grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol (1997) 1.73
Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. World Health Organization. American academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol (1998) 1.70
Induction of glucocorticoid receptor-beta expression in epithelial cells of asthmatic airways by T-helper type 17 cytokines. Clin Exp Allergy (2010) 1.70
Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA and protein in atopic asthma. Association with airway hyperresponsiveness and predominant co-localization of eotaxin mRNA to bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol (1997) 1.69
Frequent exacerbators--a distinct phenotype of severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy (2014) 1.69
Cationic lipid-mediated CFTR gene transfer to the lungs and nose of patients with cystic fibrosis: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (1999) 1.69
Identification of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and activated eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa in intrinsic asthma. Relationship to symptoms and bronchial responsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis (1992) 1.68
Human eosinophil, but not neutrophil, adherence to IL-1-stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells is alpha 4 beta 1 (very late antigen-4) dependent. J Immunol (1991) 1.67
The immunopathology of extrinsic (atopic) and intrinsic (non-atopic) asthma: more similarities than differences. Immunol Today (1999) 1.67
Increases in activated T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and cytokine mRNA expression for interleukin-5 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in bronchial biopsies after allergen inhalation challenge in atopic asthmatics. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol (1993) 1.67
Expression of chemokine receptors by lung T cells from normal and asthmatic subjects. J Immunol (2001) 1.67
Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses. J Clin Invest (1993) 1.66
Expression of mRNA and immunoreactivity for the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in activated human eosinophils. J Exp Med (1991) 1.64
Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta. J Exp Med (1997) 1.61
New insights into the role of the mast cell in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy (2003) 1.61
Grass pollen immunotherapy inhibits seasonal increases in basophils and eosinophils in the nasal epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy (2001) 1.61
Eosinophil peroxidase mediates protein nitration in allergic airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (2001) 1.59
Expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein product by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, and mast cells in bronchial biopsies obtained from atopic and nonatopic (intrinsic) asthmatics. J Immunol (1997) 1.59
Preferential messenger RNA expression of Th1-type cells (IFN-gamma+, IL-2+) in classical delayed-type (tuberculin) hypersensitivity reactions in human skin. J Immunol (1992) 1.59
Interleukin-5 selectively enhances the chemotactic response of eosinophils obtained from normal but not eosinophilic subjects. Blood (1992) 1.59
Expression of IL-12 and IL-13 mRNA in asthma and their modulation in response to steroid therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (1997) 1.58
Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg (1993) 1.58
The temporal relationship between increases in airway responsiveness to histamine and late asthmatic responses induced by occupational agents. J Allergy Clin Immunol (1987) 1.57
Safety and efficacy of a CXCR2 antagonist in patients with severe asthma and sputum neutrophils: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Exp Allergy (2012) 1.55
The accumulation of 111In-eosinophils induced by inflammatory mediators, in vivo. Immunology (1991) 1.55
Expression of HCLCA1 in cystic fibrosis lungs is associated with mucus overproduction. Eur Respir J (2004) 1.54
Grass pollen immunotherapy decreases the number of mast cells in the skin. Clin Exp Allergy (1999) 1.53
The use of exhaled nitric oxide concentration to identify eosinophilic airway inflammation: an observational study in adults with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy (2005) 1.52
Expression of CCR8 is increased in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy (2010) 1.51
Activated human eosinophils generate SRS-A leukotrienes following IgG-dependent stimulation. Nature (1985) 1.51
Consensus statement on the treatment of allergic rhinitis. European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy (2000) 1.50
Prednisolone treatment in asthma. Reduction in the numbers of eosinophils, T cells, tryptase-only positive mast cells, and modulation of IL-4, IL-5, and interferon-gamma cytokine gene expression within the bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (1996) 1.50
Epidemiological characterization of the intermittent and persistent types of allergic rhinitis. Allergy (2005) 1.49
Skin prick testing in general practice: a pilot study. J Adv Nurs (1997) 1.46