Coronary heart disease in postmenopausal recipients of estrogen plus progestin therapy: does the increased risk ever disappear? A randomized trial.

PubWeight™: 4.27‹?› | Rank: Top 1%

🔗 View Article (PMC 2936769)

Published in Ann Intern Med on February 16, 2010

Authors

Sengwee Toh1, Sonia Hernández-Díaz, Roger Logan, Jacques E Rossouw, Miguel A Hernán

Author Affiliations

1: Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 133 Brookline Avenue, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA. darrentoh@post.harvard.edu

Associated clinical trials:

Women's Health Initiative (WHI) | NCT00000611

Articles citing this

Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA (2010) 7.12

The hazards of hazard ratios. Epidemiology (2010) 5.24

The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of: The North American Menopause Society. Menopause (2012) 4.04

Estimating absolute risks in the presence of nonadherence: an application to a follow-up study with baseline randomization. Epidemiology (2010) 1.64

Oophorectomy, menopause, estrogen treatment, and cognitive aging: clinical evidence for a window of opportunity. Brain Res (2010) 1.48

Ischaemic heart disease in women: are there sex differences in pathophysiology and risk factors? Position paper from the working group on coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovasc Res (2010) 1.45

Estrogen implants: embodiments of deeper problems in the marketing of drugs. J Gen Intern Med (2010) 1.39

Timing and duration of menopausal hormone treatment may affect cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Med (2011) 1.02

A "window of opportunity:" the reduction of coronary heart disease and total mortality with menopausal therapies is age- and time-dependent. Brain Res (2010) 0.96

Lessons learned from the Women's Health Initiative trials of menopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol (2013) 0.86

Relationships of coronary heart disease with 27-hydroxycholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and menopausal hormone therapy. Circulation (2012) 0.84

An analytic framework for aligning observational and randomized trial data: Application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Stat Biosci (2013) 0.82

Mechanism of cardioprotection: what can we learn from females? Pediatr Cardiol (2011) 0.80

Implications for reproductive medicine: Sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Sex Reprod Menopause (2011) 0.78

Clarity and strength of implications for practice in medical journal articles: an exploratory analysis. BMJ Qual Saf (2011) 0.78

Androgen receptor (AR) in cardiovascular diseases. J Endocrinol (2016) 0.77

Reproductive factors, intima media thickness and carotid plaques in a cross-sectional study of postmenopausal women enrolled in the population-based KORA F4 study. BMC Womens Health (2014) 0.77

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk for cardiovascular disease in the WHI trial. Ann Intern Med (2010) 0.75

Application of the Marginal Structural Model to Account for Suboptimal Adherence in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun (2016) 0.75

Combined estrogen plus progestin may reduce coronary heart disease risk after 5 years of use in postmenopausal women starting treatment within 10 years of menopause. Evid Based Med (2010) 0.75

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk for cardiovascular disease in the WHI trial. Ann Intern Med (2010) 0.75

Estrogen and Cardiovascular Disease: Is Timing Everything? Am J Med Sci (2015) 0.75

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk for cardiovascular disease in the WHI trial. Ann Intern Med (2010) 0.75

Articles cited by this

Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2002) 80.37

Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology (2000) 33.54

Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials (1998) 20.39

Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men. Epidemiology (2000) 15.40

Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA (2007) 10.50

Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med (2003) 10.06

Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med (2007) 8.70

Observational studies analyzed like randomized experiments: an application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Epidemiology (2008) 6.87

Combined postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: toward resolving the discrepancy between observational studies and the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial. Am J Epidemiol (2005) 4.55

Hormones and heart disease in women: the timing hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol (2007) 3.72

Benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy when it is initiated soon after menopause. Am J Epidemiol (2009) 3.33

Invited commentary: hormone therapy and risk of coronary heart disease why renew the focus on the early years of menopause? Am J Epidemiol (2007) 2.85

Estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: March 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause (2007) 2.33

The effect of epoetin dose on hematocrit. Kidney Int (2007) 2.31

HRT and the young at heart. N Engl J Med (2007) 2.07

Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol (2005) 2.01

On the treatment of grouped observations in life studies. Biometrics (1977) 1.76

Causal inference from longitudinal studies with baseline randomization. Int J Biostat (2008) 1.69

Prevalence and duration of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy use in a managed care organization, 1990-1995. J Gen Intern Med (2000) 1.31

Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med (2005) 1.31

Executive summary. Hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol (2004) 1.07

HRT in the early menopause: scientific evidence and common perceptions. Climacteric (2008) 1.05

Evaluation of cardiovascular event rates with hormone therapy in healthy, early postmenopausal women: results from 2 large clinical trials. Arch Intern Med (2004) 0.95

Articles by these authors

Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2004) 23.69

A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology (2004) 16.44

Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA (2006) 12.44

Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models. Am J Epidemiol (2008) 12.39

Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med (2003) 10.06

Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol (2002) 9.76

Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet (2002) 9.66

Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med (2007) 8.70

The Women's Health Initiative recruitment methods and results. Ann Epidemiol (2003) 8.42

Fallibility in estimating direct effects. Int J Epidemiol (2002) 8.34

Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA (2013) 7.19

Observational studies analyzed like randomized experiments: an application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Epidemiology (2008) 6.87

Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: a prospective cohort study. Lancet (2005) 6.60

Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA (2006) 6.51

The effect of combined antiretroviral therapy on the overall mortality of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS (2010) 5.85

Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural models. Am J Epidemiol (2003) 5.81

When to initiate combined antiretroviral therapy to reduce mortality and AIDS-defining illness in HIV-infected persons in developed countries: an observational study. Ann Intern Med (2011) 5.35

Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA (2003) 5.26

Adjusted survival curves with inverse probability weights. Comput Methods Programs Biomed (2004) 5.11

Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med (2014) 4.99

Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol (2005) 4.44

Dialysis facility ownership and epoetin dosing in patients receiving hemodialysis. JAMA (2007) 4.40

The birth weight "paradox" uncovered? Am J Epidemiol (2006) 4.38

First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med (2007) 4.25

Use of antidepressants near delivery and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: cohort study of low income women in the United States. BMJ (2013) 3.88

Epidemiology, data sharing, and the challenge of scientific replication. Epidemiology (2009) 3.49

Medication use during pregnancy, with particular focus on prescription drugs: 1976-2008. Am J Obstet Gynecol (2011) 3.42

Benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy when it is initiated soon after menopause. Am J Epidemiol (2009) 3.33

Gout and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study. Neurology (2007) 3.09

Long-term effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the survival of children and adolescents with HIV infection: a 10-year follow-up study. Clin Infect Dis (2008) 3.09

Conjugated equine estrogens and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. Am J Epidemiol (2008) 3.05

Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study. JAMA (2002) 3.01

Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA (2006) 2.97

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol (2003) 2.90

Sensitivity analyses for unmeasured confounding assuming a marginal structural model for repeated measures. Stat Med (2004) 2.87

Estrogen plus progestin therapy and breast cancer in recently postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol (2008) 2.79

Beyond the intention-to-treat in comparative effectiveness research. Clin Trials (2011) 2.65

Causal directed acyclic graphs and the direction of unmeasured confounding bias. Epidemiology (2008) 2.60

Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology (2008) 2.51

When to start treatment? A systematic approach to the comparison of dynamic regimes using observational data. Int J Biostat (2010) 2.50

Intervening on risk factors for coronary heart disease: an application of the parametric g-formula. Int J Epidemiol (2009) 2.48

Evolving practice patterns and attitudes toward hormone therapy of obstetrician-gynecologists. Menopause (2007) 2.47

Identification of phthalates in medications and dietary supplement formulations in the United States and Canada. Environ Health Perspect (2011) 2.40

Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation (2006) 2.40

Multimarker prediction of coronary heart disease risk: the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol (2010) 2.34

Commentary: A structural approach to Berkson's fallacy and a guide to a history of opinions about it. Int J Epidemiol (2014) 2.23

Commentary: how to report instrumental variable analyses (suggestions welcome). Epidemiology (2013) 2.22

Systematic review and meta-analysis of methotrexate use and risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol (2011) 2.20

Marginal structural models for estimating the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation on CD4 cell count. Am J Epidemiol (2005) 2.20

Comparison of the Framingham and Reynolds Risk scores for global cardiovascular risk prediction in the multiethnic Women's Health Initiative. Circulation (2012) 2.17

A Comparison of Agent-Based Models and the Parametric G-Formula for Causal Inference. Am J Epidemiol (2017) 2.05

Lipoprotein particle concentrations may explain the absence of coronary protection in the women's health initiative hormone trials. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2008) 2.04

Noakes misses the point. S Afr Med J (2013) 2.04

Rates and predictors of failure of first-line antiretroviral therapy and switch to second-line ART in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (2012) 2.03

Effectiveness of patient adherence groups as a model of care for stable patients on antiretroviral therapy in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS One (2013) 2.03

Determining the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load using a marginal structural left-censored mean model. Am J Epidemiol (2007) 2.00

Sensitivity and specificity of computerized algorithms to classify gestational periods in the absence of information on date of conception. Am J Epidemiol (2008) 1.97

We are number one but nobody cares-that's good. Epidemiology (2012) 1.97

Economic return from the Women's Health Initiative estrogen plus progestin clinical trial: a modeling study. Ann Intern Med (2014) 1.87

Confounding adjustment via a semi-automated high-dimensional propensity score algorithm: an application to electronic medical records. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf (2011) 1.85

Algorithms to estimate the beginning of pregnancy in administrative databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf (2012) 1.81

Bias in observational studies of prevalent users: lessons for comparative effectiveness research from a meta-analysis of statins. Am J Epidemiol (2012) 1.76

Harnessing the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) to Evaluate Medications in Pregnancy: Design Considerations. PLoS One (2013) 1.74

Comparative effectiveness of dynamic treatment regimes: an application of the parametric g-formula. Stat Biosci (2011) 1.73

Vasomotor symptoms and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Menopause (2011) 1.72

Apparent declining efficacy in randomized trials: examples of the Thai RV144 HIV vaccine and South African CAPRISA 004 microbicide trials. AIDS (2012) 1.71

Causal inference from longitudinal studies with baseline randomization. Int J Biostat (2008) 1.69

Estimating absolute risks in the presence of nonadherence: an application to a follow-up study with baseline randomization. Epidemiology (2010) 1.64

The parametric g-formula to estimate the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incident AIDS or death. Stat Med (2012) 1.63

Randomized trials analyzed as observational studies. Ann Intern Med (2013) 1.60

Long-term effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ cell evolution among children and adolescents infected with HIV: 5 years and counting. Clin Infect Dis (2008) 1.60

Estimated effect of epoetin dosage on survival among elderly hemodialysis patients in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2009) 1.59

Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and risk of multiple sclerosis. Epidemiology (2003) 1.57

High doses of epoetin do not lower mortality and cardiovascular risk among elderly hemodialysis patients with diabetes. Kidney Int (2011) 1.56

Genetic variants in the MRPS30 region and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Genome Med (2011) 1.55

Impact factor: a call to reason. Epidemiology (2009) 1.54

Hormone therapy dose, formulation, route of delivery, and risk of cardiovascular events in women: findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Menopause (2014) 1.50

Observational data for comparative effectiveness research: an emulation of randomised trials of statins and primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Stat Methods Med Res (2011) 1.49

Variation in the FGFR2 gene and the effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2009) 1.46

Diet and Parkinson's disease: a potential role of dairy products in men. Ann Neurol (2002) 1.46

The effect of hormone therapy on mean blood pressure and visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens (2014) 1.45

Antibiotic use and risk of multiple sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol (2006) 1.45

Weight loss in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol (2003) 1.43

Elevated risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with depression: depression or antidepressants? Am J Epidemiol (2012) 1.43

Risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer among users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Epidemiol (2004) 1.42

Bone mineral density of American Indian and Alaska Native women compared with non-Hispanic white women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Study. Menopause (2005) 1.40

Establishment of the National Pregnancy Registry for Atypical Antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry (2015) 1.40

Weight Loss and Coronary Heart Disease: Sensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounding by Undiagnosed Disease. Epidemiology (2016) 1.39

Biases in Randomized Trials: A Conversation Between Trialists and Epidemiologists. Epidemiology (2017) 1.38

Causal inference in public health. Annu Rev Public Health (2013) 1.38

Prednisone, lupus activity, and permanent organ damage. J Rheumatol (2009) 1.38

National trends in antidepressant medication treatment among publicly insured pregnant women. Gen Hosp Psychiatry (2013) 1.36