Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis: a three-armed randomized trial.

PubWeight™: 4.42‹?› | Rank: Top 1%

🔗 View Article (PMID 16818924)

Published in Ann Intern Med on July 04, 2006

Authors

Hanns-Peter Scharf1, Ulrich Mansmann, Konrad Streitberger, Steffen Witte, Jürgen Krämer, Christoph Maier, Hans-Joachim Trampisch, Norbert Victor

Author Affiliations

1: University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Associated clinical trials:

Acupuncture as an Adjunctive Therapy to the Pharmacological Treatment in Patients With Chronic Pain in Osteoarthritis of the Knee: a Three Armed Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial | NCT01398930

Articles citing this

Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med (2012) 9.46

Revised STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA): extending the CONSORT statement. PLoS Med (2010) 3.63

Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2010) 2.57

A treatment trial of acupuncture in IBS patients. Am J Gastroenterol (2009) 2.41

Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain. Anesthesiology (2014) 2.38

Revised STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA): extending the CONSORT statement. Acupunct Med (2010) 2.14

A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: effects of patient-provider communication. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) (2010) 2.09

How large are the nonspecific effects of acupuncture? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med (2010) 2.00

Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (2007) 1.83

Effect of combined laser acupuncture on knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Lasers Med Sci (2008) 1.77

Minimal acupuncture is not a valid placebo control in randomised controlled trials of acupuncture: a physiologist's perspective. Chin Med (2009) 1.49

Perception of Deqi by Chinese and American acupuncturists: a pilot survey. Chin Med (2011) 1.22

Auriculotherapy for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med (2010) 1.15

Sample size determinations in original research protocols for randomised clinical trials submitted to UK research ethics committees: review. BMJ (2013) 1.15

Acupuncture sensation during ultrasound guided acupuncture needling. Acupunct Med (2011) 1.15

Is placebo acupuncture what it is intended to be? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2011) 1.14

Time-variant fMRI activity in the brainstem and higher structures in response to acupuncture. Neuroimage (2009) 1.13

Individual patient data meta-analysis of acupuncture for chronic pain: protocol of the Acupuncture Trialists' Collaboration. Trials (2010) 1.13

Use of complementary and alternative therapies by overweight and obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2008) 1.10

Current interventions in the management of knee osteoarthritis. J Pharm Bioallied Sci (2013) 1.10

Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. A systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies. Int J Epidemiol (2014) 1.05

Dry needling: a literature review with implications for clinical practice guidelines. Phys Ther Rev (2014) 1.00

Acupuncture in primary care. Prim Care (2010) 0.99

Are acupoints specific for diseases? A systematic review of the randomized controlled trials with sham acupuncture controls. Chin Med (2010) 0.99

Factors contributing to therapeutic effects evaluated in acupuncture clinical trials. Trials (2012) 0.96

Introduction to placebo effects in medicine: mechanisms and clinical implications. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2011) 0.96

How to design the control group in randomized controlled trials of acupuncture? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2012) 0.95

Effect of acupuncture on Deqi traits and pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea: analysis of data from a larger randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med (2014) 0.94

Pain management with acupuncture in osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med (2014) 0.94

Effectiveness of moxibustion treatment as adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Res Ther (2014) 0.92

Influence of control group on effect size in trials of acupuncture for chronic pain: a secondary analysis of an individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS One (2014) 0.92

Arthritis and pain. Current approaches in the treatment of arthritic pain. Arthritis Res Ther (2007) 0.91

Comparing the effects of individualized, standard, sham and no acupuncture in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials (2013) 0.90

Specifying the nonspecific components of acupuncture analgesia. Pain (2013) 0.90

Selecting a control for in vitro fertilization and acupuncture randomized controlled trials (RCTs): how sham controls may unnecessarily complicate the RCT evidence base. Fertil Steril (2011) 0.90

Acupuncture as a treatment for functional dyspepsia: design and methods of a randomized controlled trial. Trials (2009) 0.88

Issues of design and statistical analysis in controlled clinical acupuncture trials: an analysis of English-language reports from Western journals. Stat Med (2011) 0.87

Placebo controls: historical, methodological and general aspects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2011) 0.87

Training Self-Administered Acupressure Exercise among Postmenopausal Women with Osteoarthritic Knee Pain: A Feasibility Study and Lessons Learned. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2012) 0.87

Acupuncture for systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot RCT feasibility and safety study. Lupus (2008) 0.86

Uncovering the expectancy effect: the validation of the acupuncture expectancy scale. Altern Ther Health Med (2011) 0.86

A longitudinal study of the reliability of acupuncture deqi sensations in knee osteoarthritis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2013) 0.85

Acupuncture modulates cortical thickness and functional connectivity in knee osteoarthritis patients. Sci Rep (2014) 0.85

Acupuncture in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med (2007) 0.85

Acupuncture in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Curr Rheumatol Rep (2012) 0.85

Does the model of additive effect in placebo research still hold true? A narrative review. JRSM Open (2017) 0.84

Objectifying specific and nonspecific effects of acupuncture: a double-blinded randomised trial in osteoarthritis of the knee. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2013) 0.84

Traditional Chinese medicine in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Tradit Complement Med (2015) 0.84

Outcomes of acupuncture for chronic pain in urban primary care. J Am Board Fam Med (2013) 0.84

What Is the de-qi-Related Pattern of BOLD Responses? A Review of Acupuncture Studies in fMRI. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2013) 0.81

Does acupuncture needling induce analgesic effects comparable to diffuse noxious inhibitory controls? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2011) 0.81

Acupucture in the treatment of scoliosis - a single blind controlled pilot study. Scoliosis (2008) 0.81

Time Course of Placebo Effect of Acupuncture on Pain: A Systematic Review. ISRN Pain (2012) 0.80

Current evidence for osteoarthritis treatments. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis (2010) 0.80

Patterns of traditional chinese medicine diagnosis in thermal laser acupuncture treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2013) 0.80

Updated review of complementary and alternative medicine treatments for systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep (2013) 0.78

The modulation effect of longitudinal acupuncture on resting state functional connectivity in knee osteoarthritis patients. Mol Pain (2015) 0.78

Sham Acupressure Controls Used in Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review and Critique. PLoS One (2015) 0.78

Efficacy of electroacupuncture at Zhongliao point (BL33) for mild and moderate benign prostatic hyperplasia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials (2011) 0.78

Methods for network meta-analysis of continuous outcomes using individual patient data: a case study in acupuncture for chronic pain. BMC Med Res Methodol (2016) 0.78

Repeated verum but not placebo acupuncture normalizes connectivity in brain regions dysregulated in chronic pain. Neuroimage Clin (2015) 0.78

Integrating acupuncture with exercise-based physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Rheumatol (2013) 0.77

Immediate effects of acupuncture on strength performance: a randomized, controlled crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol (2010) 0.77

DoD-NCCAM/NIH workshop on acupuncture for treatment of acute pain. J Altern Complement Med (2012) 0.77

Electroacupuncture inhibits chronification of the acute pain of knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials (2015) 0.77

Is Skin-Touch Sham Needle Not Placebo? A Double-Blind Crossover Study on Pain Alleviation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2015) 0.77

Acupuncture Deqi Intensity and Propagated Sensation along Channels May, Respectively, Differ due to Different Body Positions of Subjects. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2013) 0.77

The persistence of the effects of acupuncture after a course of treatment: A meta-analysis of patients with chronic pain. Pain (2016) 0.77

The Acupuncture Trialists' Collaboration: individual patient data meta-analysis of chronic pain trials. Acupunct Med (2009) 0.77

Randomised controlled trial of extraarticular gold bead implantation for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Clin Rheumatol (2008) 0.76

Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med (2007) 0.75

The role of acupuncture in the treatment of migraine. CMAJ (2012) 0.75

Osteoarthritis of the knee. BMJ Clin Evid (2007) 0.75

Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med (2007) 0.75

Comparison of the efficacy between conventional moxibustion and smoke-free moxibustion on knee osteoarthritis: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials (2017) 0.75

Acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of sham-controlled randomized clinical trials. Sci Rep (2016) 0.75

Management of chronic knee pain. BMJ (2007) 0.75

Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med (2007) 0.75

Unpacking the effects of acupuncture. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) (2010) 0.75

Multidimensional Aspects of de qi Sensations in MASS and ASQ Assessment: A Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2017) 0.75

[Knee joint pain with signs of arthrosis]. Schmerz (2017) 0.75

The Potential of Double Blinding with Two Placebo Acupuncture Needles: A Randomized Controlled Pilot-Trial. Medicines (Basel) (2014) 0.75

Articles by these authors

German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. Arch Intern Med (2007) 7.21

Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians' diagnoses. J Affect Disord (2004) 4.64

OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation (2010) 4.60

Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology (2003) 3.93

Longevity of materials for pit and fissure sealing--results from a meta-analysis. Dent Mater (2011) 3.56

High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis (2004) 3.55

Efficacy of acupuncture for the prophylaxis of migraine: a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet Neurol (2006) 3.25

Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial on the antiproliferative effect of lanreotide, interferon alfa, and their combination for therapy of metastatic neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors--the International Lanreotide and Interferon Alfa Study Group. J Clin Oncol (2003) 3.09

The pattern recognition receptor (RAGE) is a counterreceptor for leukocyte integrins: a novel pathway for inflammatory cell recruitment. J Exp Med (2003) 2.94

Identification of a common gene expression signature in dilated cardiomyopathy across independent microarray studies. J Am Coll Cardiol (2006) 2.73

Magnetic resonance colonography for the detection of colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. Gastroenterology (2013) 2.71

Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy alone or with regional hyperthermia for localised high-risk soft-tissue sarcoma: a randomised phase 3 multicentre study. Lancet Oncol (2010) 2.66

Test-retest and interobserver reliability of quantitative sensory testing according to the protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): a multi-centre study. Pain (2011) 2.62

Multiple levels of regulation of the interleukin-6 system in stroke. Stroke (2003) 2.61

Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke (2007) 2.56

An 86-probe-set gene-expression signature predicts survival in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia. Blood (2008) 2.46

GlobalANCOVA: exploration and assessment of gene group effects. Bioinformatics (2007) 2.24

Inhalation treatment with glutathione in patients with cystic fibrosis. A randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (2013) 2.07

Course of platelet activation markers after ischemic stroke. Stroke (2002) 2.05

Factors affecting and affected by user acceptance of computer-based nursing documentation: results of a two-year study. J Am Med Inform Assoc (2003) 2.05

A survey of acute pain services in Germany and a discussion of international survey data. Reg Anesth Pain Med (2002) 2.02

Open-label, multicenter, randomized phase III trial of adjuvant chemoradiation plus interferon Alfa-2b versus fluorouracil and folinic acid for patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol (2012) 1.90

Sensory signs in complex regional pain syndrome and peripheral nerve injury. Pain (2011) 1.70

Multiple testing on the directed acyclic graph of gene ontology. Bioinformatics (2008) 1.69

Severity and specificity of neglect-like symptoms in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) compared to chronic limb pain of other origins. Pain (2006) 1.69

A prospective randomized study to assess the efficacy of a surgical sealant to treat air leaks in lung surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg (2009) 1.68

Strong gametocytocidal effect of methylene blue-based combination therapy against falciparum malaria: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One (2009) 1.68

The long-term clinical sequelae of incidental durotomy in lumbar disc surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) (2005) 1.60

Value of quantitative sensory testing in neurological and pain disorders: NeuPSIG consensus. Pain (2013) 1.60

Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Stroke (2006) 1.60

Diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes: superior criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Psychother Psychosom (2004) 1.59

Detecting panic disorder in medical and psychosomatic outpatients: comparative validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire, a screening question, and physicians' diagnosis. J Psychosom Res (2003) 1.58

Impaired spatial body representation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS I). Pain (2012) 1.58

The German multicenter, randomized, partially blinded, prospective trial of acupuncture for chronic low-back pain: a preliminary report on the rationale and design of the trial. J Altern Complement Med (2003) 1.56

Peripheral arterial disease as an independent predictor for excess stroke morbidity and mortality in primary-care patients: 5-year results of the getABI study. Cerebrovasc Dis (2010) 1.55

Local cytokine changes in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) resolve after 6 months. Pain (2013) 1.52

Lidocaine patch (5%) produces a selective, but incomplete block of Aδ and C fibers. Pain (2011) 1.50

ERG expression is an independent prognostic factor and allows refined risk stratification in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive analysis of ERG, MN1, and BAALC transcript levels using oligonucleotide microarrays. J Clin Oncol (2009) 1.48

A compendium to ensure computational reproducibility in high-dimensional classification tasks. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol (2004) 1.48

Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Menière's disease--comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial. Acta Otolaryngol (2008) 1.48

Who is healthy? Aspects to consider when including healthy volunteers in QST-based studies-a consensus statement by the EUROPAIN and NEUROPAIN consortia. Pain (2015) 1.47

Pain relief with lidocaine 5% patch in localized peripheral neuropathic pain in relation to pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, and placebo-controlled, phenotype panel study. Pain (2015) 1.45

Different underlying pain mechanisms despite identical pain characteristics: a case report of a patient with spinal cord injury. Pain (2012) 1.43

NeuroQuick--a novel bedside test for small fiber neuropathy? Eur J Pain (2008) 1.41

Quantification of melanoma micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes using real-time RT-PCR. J Invest Dermatol (2005) 1.39

[Non-pharmacological, non-technical treatments for musculoskeletal disease: methodological challenges of clinical trials using the example of knee osteoarthritis and falls in the elderly]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes (2013) 1.39

Methylene blue for malaria in Africa: results from a dose-finding study in combination with chloroquine. Malar J (2006) 1.37

Reference data for quantitative sensory testing (QST): refined stratification for age and a novel method for statistical comparison of group data. Pain (2010) 1.36

Midline versus transverse incision in major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind equivalence trial (POVATI: ISRCTN60734227). Ann Surg (2009) 1.35

CD40 ligand mediates inflammation independently of CD40 by interaction with Mac-1. Circulation (2007) 1.35

CFH, C3 and ARMS2 are significant risk loci for susceptibility but not for disease progression of geographic atrophy due to AMD. PLoS One (2009) 1.34

Screening of neuropathic pain components in patients with chronic back pain associated with nerve root compression: a prospective observational pilot study (MIPORT). Curr Med Res Opin (2006) 1.34

The effect of time-to-surgery on outcome in elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord (2008) 1.34

Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. J Clin Oncol (2005) 1.32

Dry and noncontact EEG sensors for mobile brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng (2011) 1.29

Safety of the methylene blue plus chloroquine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young children of Burkina Faso [ISRCTN27290841]. Malar J (2005) 1.28

Patterns of cortical reorganization parallel impaired tactile discrimination and pain intensity in complex regional pain syndrome. Neuroimage (2006) 1.23

Safety of the combination of chloroquine and methylene blue in healthy adult men with G6PD deficiency from rural Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health (2005) 1.23

Acupuncture for tension-type headache: a multicentre, sham-controlled, patient-and observer-blinded, randomised trial. J Headache Pain (2007) 1.22

Safety and efficacy of methylene blue combined with artesunate or amodiaquine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso. PLoS One (2008) 1.22

Detection of miR-34a promoter methylation in combination with elevated expression of c-Met and β-catenin predicts distant metastasis of colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res (2012) 1.21

Sensorimotor retuning [corrected] in complex regional pain syndrome parallels pain reduction. Ann Neurol (2005) 1.21

Cochrane systematic reviews examine P6 acupuncture-point stimulation for nausea and vomiting. J Altern Complement Med (2006) 1.20

Can evaluation studies benefit from triangulation? A case study. Int J Med Inform (2003) 1.18

Concordance of disease progression in bilateral geographic atrophy due to AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2009) 1.17

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex attenuates pain perception in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Neurosci Lett (2004) 1.17

Diagnosis of red cell G6PD deficiency in rural Burkina Faso: comparison of a rapid fluorescent enzyme test on filter paper with polymerase chain reaction based genotyping. Br J Haematol (2005) 1.17

Step-wedge cluster-randomised community-based trials: an application to the study of the impact of community health insurance. Health Res Policy Syst (2008) 1.15

High-dimensional Cox models: the choice of penalty as part of the model building process. Biom J (2010) 1.15

Sample size determinations in original research protocols for randomised clinical trials submitted to UK research ethics committees: review. BMJ (2013) 1.15

Identification of a 24-gene prognostic signature that improves the European LeukemiaNet risk classification of acute myeloid leukemia: an international collaborative study. J Clin Oncol (2013) 1.15

The related outcome and complication rate in primary lumbar microscopic disc surgery depending on the surgeon's experience: comparative studies. Spine J (2004) 1.14

Individual patient data meta-analysis of acupuncture for chronic pain: protocol of the Acupuncture Trialists' Collaboration. Trials (2010) 1.13

Alternative regression models to assess increase in childhood BMI. BMC Med Res Methodol (2008) 1.13

A valence-dependent group-specific recall bias of retrospective self-reports: a study of borderline personality disorder in everyday life. J Nerv Ment Dis (2006) 1.13

Meeting the challenges of opioid-induced constipation in chronic pain management - a novel approach. Pharmacology (2008) 1.13

A subgroup of age-related macular degeneration is associated with mono-allelic sequence variants in the ABCA4 gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2012) 1.10

Acupuncture treatment in gastrointestinal diseases: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol (2007) 1.10

Effects of verum acupuncture compared to placebo acupuncture on quantitative EEG and heart rate variability in healthy volunteers. J Altern Complement Med (2008) 1.09

Marked differences in the prevalence of chloroquine resistance between urban and rural communities in Burkina Faso. Acta Trop (2007) 1.09

Determinants of Long-term protection after hepatitis B vaccination in infancy: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J (2013) 1.07

Transcriptome analysis reveals altered cholesterol metabolism during the neurodegeneration in mouse scrapie model. J Neurochem (2007) 1.07

Moderate expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen, a tissue differentiation antigen and folate hydrolase, facilitates prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Res (2008) 1.07

Profound influence of different methods for determination of the ankle brachial index on the prevalence estimate of peripheral arterial disease. BMC Public Health (2007) 1.06

Tracking progression with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in geographic atrophy caused by age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2010) 1.06

Risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia according to age and gender. PLoS One (2011) 1.05

Molecular profiles and clinical outcome of stage UICC II colon cancer patients. Int J Colorectal Dis (2011) 1.05

Progression-free survival as a surrogate endpoint for median overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer: literature-based analysis from 50 randomized first-line trials. Clin Cancer Res (2012) 1.04

Transcriptional census of 36 microdissected colorectal cancers yields a gene signature to distinguish UICC II and III. Int J Cancer (2006) 1.04

Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile genotypes of the TLR4 gene are associated with a reduced prevalence of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care (2004) 1.03

Prognostic significance of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor expression in patients with breast cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) (2009) 1.03

Breast cancer in young women (< or = 35 years): Genomic aberrations detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Int J Cancer (2003) 1.02

Transient receptor potential channel polymorphisms are associated with the somatosensory function in neuropathic pain patients. PLoS One (2011) 1.02

Prognostic relevance of CA 19-9, CEA, CRP, and LDH kinetics in patients treated with palliative second-line therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol (2010) 1.02