Published in Gastroenterology on July 01, 2003
Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest (2005) 17.27
Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev (2008) 10.28
Modern pathogenetic concepts of liver fibrosis suggest stellate cells and TGF-beta as major players and therapeutic targets. J Cell Mol Med (2006) 3.84
Smad3 as a mediator of the fibrotic response. Int J Exp Pathol (2004) 3.13
Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol Med (2010) 2.51
Emerging insights into Transforming growth factor beta Smad signal in hepatic fibrogenesis. Gut (2007) 2.35
TGF-β in progression of liver disease. Cell Tissue Res (2011) 2.22
Smad3 signaling is required for epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelium after injury. Am J Pathol (2004) 2.17
Smad2 and Smad3 play different roles in rat hepatic stellate cell function and alpha-smooth muscle actin organization. Mol Biol Cell (2005) 1.65
Ultrasound-microbubble-mediated gene transfer of inducible Smad7 blocks transforming growth factor-beta signaling and fibrosis in rat remnant kidney. Am J Pathol (2005) 1.63
Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated inhibition of microRNA-21 protects mice against the lethal schistosome infection by repressing both IL-13 and transforming growth factor beta 1 pathways. Hepatology (2015) 1.53
Hyperoxia-induced neonatal rat lung injury involves activation of TGF-{beta} and Wnt signaling and is protected by rosiglitazone. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol (2009) 1.50
VSL#3 probiotic treatment attenuates fibrosis without changes in steatohepatitis in a diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model in mice. Hepatology (2009) 1.47
Adenovirus-mediated expression of BMP-7 suppresses the development of liver fibrosis in rats. Gut (2006) 1.31
DHPR alpha1S subunit controls skeletal muscle mass and morphogenesis. EMBO J (2009) 1.30
Expression of Smad7 in mouse eyes accelerates healing of corneal tissue after exposure to alkali. Am J Pathol (2005) 1.27
Transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor signal via c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent Smad2/3 phosphorylation in rat hepatic stellate cells after acute liver injury. Am J Pathol (2005) 1.27
Molecular regulation of pancreatic stellate cell function. Mol Cancer (2004) 1.23
Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of epithelial tight junction proteins enhances barrier function and blocks enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7-induced increased permeability. Am J Pathol (2005) 1.21
Differential Regulation of TGF-β/Smad Signaling in Hepatic Stellate Cells between Acute and Chronic Liver Injuries. Front Physiol (2012) 1.20
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in hepatic stellate cells requires Stat3 signaling activation. J Biol Chem (2013) 1.18
Advances in antifibrotic therapy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol (2008) 1.17
Asiatic acid inhibits liver fibrosis by blocking TGF-beta/Smad signaling in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One (2012) 1.14
Adenoviral expression of a transforming growth factor-beta1 antisense mRNA is effective in preventing liver fibrosis in bile-duct ligated rats. BMC Gastroenterol (2003) 1.08
Transforming growth factor-beta1 gene polymorphisms are associated with progression of liver fibrosis in Caucasians with chronic hepatitis C infection. World J Gastroenterol (2005) 1.07
Activated hepatic stellate cells induce tumor progression of neoplastic hepatocytes in a TGF-beta dependent fashion. J Cell Physiol (2006) 1.07
The autoregulatory feedback loop of microRNA-21/programmed cell death protein 4/activation protein-1 (MiR-21/PDCD4/AP-1) as a driving force for hepatic fibrosis development. J Biol Chem (2013) 1.03
TGF-β/Smad signaling during hepatic fibro-carcinogenesis (review). Int J Oncol (2014) 1.00
MiR-146a-5p suppresses activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in nonalcoholic fibrosing steatohepatitis through directly targeting Wnt1 and Wnt5a. Sci Rep (2015) 0.99
Understanding the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis and potential therapeutic approaches. Saudi J Gastroenterol (2012) 0.99
Cell signals influencing hepatic fibrosis. Int J Hepatol (2012) 0.98
Biological Significance of Local TGF-β Activation in Liver Diseases. Front Physiol (2012) 0.95
Matrix metalloproteinase gene delivery for liver fibrosis. Pharm Res (2007) 0.94
Liver fibrogenesis due to cholestasis is associated with increased Smad7 expression and Smad3 signaling. J Cell Mol Med (2006) 0.93
Pegylated interferon-alpha plus taurine in treatment of rat liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol (2007) 0.93
Gene therapy in the cornea: 2005--present. Prog Retin Eye Res (2011) 0.92
Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 8. Current and future drug targets in fibrosis: focus on Rho GTPase-regulated gene transcription. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2014) 0.92
miR-33a levels in hepatic and serum after chronic HBV-induced fibrosis. J Gastroenterol (2014) 0.91
Disruption of the Smad7 gene enhances CCI4-dependent liver damage and fibrogenesis in mice. J Cell Mol Med (2008) 0.91
From the stomach to other organs: Helicobacter pylori and the liver. World J Hepatol (2015) 0.90
Unraveling the biological functions of Smad7 with mouse models. Cell Biosci (2011) 0.90
Response gene to complement 32 is essential for fibroblast activation in renal fibrosis. J Biol Chem (2011) 0.89
Bioconjugation of oligonucleotides for treating liver fibrosis. Oligonucleotides (2007) 0.88
N-acetyl-L-cysteine abrogates fibrogenic properties of fibroblasts isolated from Dupuytren's disease by blunting TGF-beta signalling. J Cell Mol Med (2006) 0.88
Upregulation of mRNA expression of MCP-1 by TGF-beta1 in fibroblast cells from Peyronie's disease. World J Urol (2008) 0.87
Hepatic regeneration and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. World J Gastroenterol (2013) 0.86
Effects of pharmacological serum from normal and liver fibrotic rats on HSCs. World J Gastroenterol (2005) 0.85
Liver fibrosis secondary to bile duct injury: correlation of Smad7 with TGF-beta and extracellular matrix proteins. BMC Gastroenterol (2009) 0.84
Ingredients of Huangqi decoction slow biliary fibrosis progression by inhibiting the activation of the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway. BMC Complement Altern Med (2012) 0.83
Reciprocal regulation of TGF-β and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol (2015) 0.83
Effects of 18α-glycyrrhizin on TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol (2015) 0.83
Effects of Chinese traditional compound, JinSanE, on expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta1 type II receptor mRNA, Smad3 and Smad7 on experimental hepatic fibrosis in vivo. World J Gastroenterol (2005) 0.82
Transforming growth factor beta1 gene variation Leu10Pro affects secretion and function in hepatic cells. Dig Dis Sci (2012) 0.82
Mechanisms of action of acetaldehyde in the up-regulation of the human α2(I) collagen gene in hepatic stellate cells: key roles of Ski, SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD7. Am J Pathol (2014) 0.82
Losartan reduces trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colorectal fibrosis in rats. Can J Gastroenterol (2012) 0.82
CUG-binding protein 1 regulates HSC activation and liver fibrogenesis. Nat Commun (2016) 0.81
Variable expression of cystatin C in cultured trans-differentiating rat hepatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol (2006) 0.81
Molecular insights on the effect of TGF-β1/-β3 in human corneal fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res (2016) 0.81
3,3'-Diindolylmethane ameliorates experimental hepatic fibrosis via inhibiting miR-21 expression. Br J Pharmacol (2013) 0.80
TGF beta1 and PDGF AA override collagen type I inhibition of proliferation in human liver connective tissue cells. BMC Gastroenterol (2004) 0.79
The anti-fibrotic effect of bone morphogenic protein-7(BMP-7) on liver fibrosis. Int J Med Sci (2013) 0.79
Reversible Human TGF-β Signal Shifting between Tumor Suppression and Fibro-Carcinogenesis: Implications of Smad Phospho-Isoforms for Hepatic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions. J Clin Med (2016) 0.78
Key Fibrogenic Signaling. Curr Pathobiol Rep (2015) 0.78
Effect of SMAD7 gene overexpression on TGF-β1-induced profibrotic responses in fibroblasts derived from Peyronie's plaque. Asian J Androl (2015) 0.78
The Smad7-Skp2 complex orchestrates Myc stability, impacting on the cytostatic effect of TGF-β. J Cell Sci (2013) 0.78
Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide attenuates hepatofibrogenesis by impairment of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signalling. Br J Pharmacol (2014) 0.77
Smad7 dependent expression signature highlights BMP2 and HK2 signaling in HSC transdifferentiation. World J Gastroenterol (2010) 0.77
Thiazolidinediones and hepatic fibrosis: don't wait too long. Gut (2006) 0.77
The Synthetic Triterpenoid RTA 405 (CDDO-EA) Halts Progression of Liver Fibrosis and Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Size Resulting in Increased Survival in an Experimental Model of Chronic Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci (2015) 0.77
Ethyl acetate fraction of Amomum xanthioides improves bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis of rat model via modulation of pro-fibrogenic cytokines. Sci Rep (2015) 0.77
Cytokine and anti-cytokine therapies in prevention or treatment of fibrosis in IBD. United European Gastroenterol J (2016) 0.76
Hepatocyte-specific Smad7 deletion accelerates DEN-induced HCC via activation of STAT3 signaling in mice. Oncogenesis (2017) 0.75
Targeted AAV5-Smad7 gene therapy inhibits corneal scarring in vivo. PLoS One (2017) 0.75
Expression of transforming growth factor β1 promotes cholangiocarcinoma development and progression. Cancer Lett (2016) 0.75
Mesothelin/mucin 16 signaling in activated portal fibroblasts regulates cholestatic liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest (2017) 0.75
Effect of Exogenous Fetuin-A on TGF-β/Smad Signaling in Hepatic Stellate Cells. Biomed Res Int (2016) 0.75
Tetrandrine inhibits activation of rat hepatic stellate cells in vitro via transforming growth factor-beta signaling. World J Gastroenterol (2005) 0.75
Astragalus and Paeoniae Radix Rubra extract (APE) inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation by modulating transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. Mol Med Rep (2014) 0.75
Evolving Insights on Metabolism, Autophagy, and Epigenetics in Liver Myofibroblasts. Front Physiol (2016) 0.75
Rhus verniciflua Stokes attenuates cholestatic liver cirrhosis-induced interstitial fibrosis via Smad3 down-regulation and Smad7 up-regulation. Anat Cell Biol (2016) 0.75
Roles of TGF-beta in hepatic fibrosis. Front Biosci (2002) 4.15
MED12 controls the response to multiple cancer drugs through regulation of TGF-β receptor signaling. Cell (2012) 4.01
Ito cells are liver-resident antigen-presenting cells for activating T cell responses. Immunity (2007) 3.61
Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. Clin Chem (2004) 2.76
TGF-beta receptor function in the endothelium. Cardiovasc Res (2005) 2.68
Patients with acute on chronic liver failure display "sepsis-like" immune paralysis. J Hepatol (2005) 2.66
Smad7-induced beta-catenin degradation alters epidermal appendage development. Dev Cell (2006) 2.41
The dynamic roles of TGF-β in cancer. J Pathol (2010) 2.32
Complement factor 5 is a quantitative trait gene that modifies liver fibrogenesis in mice and humans. Nat Genet (2005) 2.20
Biomarkers of liver fibrosis: clinical translation of molecular pathogenesis or based on liver-dependent malfunction tests. Clin Chim Acta (2007) 2.10
TRAF4 promotes TGF-β receptor signaling and drives breast cancer metastasis. Mol Cell (2013) 2.08
Hepatocyte-specific Smad7 expression attenuates TGF-beta-mediated fibrogenesis and protects against liver damage. Gastroenterology (2008) 2.07
Connective tissue growth factor: a fibrogenic master switch in fibrotic liver diseases. Liver Int (2008) 1.87
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation reduces lung inflammation: a large-animal 24-h model of respiratory distress. Intensive Care Med (2007) 1.68
FK506 activates BMPR2, rescues endothelial dysfunction, and reverses pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest (2013) 1.65
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 in the development and treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer. Cancer Res (2007) 1.63
The bone morphogenetic protein pathway is inactivated in the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers. Gastroenterology (2008) 1.61
BMP7, a putative regulator of epithelial homeostasis in the human prostate, is a potent inhibitor of prostate cancer bone metastasis in vivo. Am J Pathol (2007) 1.58
Decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor and tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor expression may promote increased metalloproteinase activity with increasing duration of human atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol (2007) 1.57
Matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MT1-MMP)-mediated endoglin shedding inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res (2010) 1.56
Pharmacological application of caffeine inhibits TGF-beta-stimulated connective tissue growth factor expression in hepatocytes via PPARgamma and SMAD2/3-dependent pathways. J Hepatol (2008) 1.56
Hyperglycemia at admission to the intensive care unit is associated with elevated serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and reduced ex vivo secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Crit Care Med (2004) 1.55
Hypoxia and myocardial remodeling in human cardiac allografts: a time-course study. J Heart Lung Transplant (2009) 1.52
Impact of quality control accepted inter-laboratory variations on calculated Fibrotest/Actitest scores for the non-invasive biochemical assessment of liver fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta (2009) 1.51
Nuclear factor YY1 inhibits transforming growth factor beta- and bone morphogenetic protein-induced cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol (2003) 1.50
Isolation and culture of hepatic stellate cells. Methods Mol Med (2005) 1.45
Activation of bone morphogenetic protein/Smad signaling in bronchial epithelial cells during airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol (2002) 1.45
Exploring anti-TGF-β therapies in cancer and fibrosis. Growth Factors (2011) 1.44
IFN-gamma abrogates profibrogenic TGF-beta signaling in liver by targeting expression of inhibitory and receptor Smads. J Hepatol (2006) 1.44
Technical evaluation of the Beckman Coulter OV-Monitor (CA 125 antigen) immunoassay. Clin Chem Lab Med (2006) 1.42
TGFβ signaling and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biol Sci (2012) 1.35
SMAD7 controls iron metabolism as a potent inhibitor of hepcidin expression. Blood (2009) 1.33
Compensatory signalling induced in the yolk sac vasculature by deletion of TGFbeta receptors in mice. J Cell Sci (2007) 1.31
Atypical melting curve resulting from genetic variation in the 3' untranslated region at position 20218 in the prothrombin gene analyzed with the LightCycler factor II (prothrombin) G20210A assay. Clin Chem (2005) 1.31
Effects of proinflammatory cytokines on rat organic anion transporters during toxic liver injury and cholestasis. Hepatology (2003) 1.30
TMEPAI, a transmembrane TGF-beta-inducible protein, sequesters Smad proteins from active participation in TGF-beta signaling. Mol Cell (2010) 1.30
Id1 is a critical mediator in TGF-beta-induced transdifferentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology (2006) 1.28
Pro-fibrogenic potential of PDGF-D in liver fibrosis. J Hepatol (2007) 1.26
Overexpression of Smad7 results in severe pathological alterations in multiple epithelial tissues. EMBO J (2002) 1.25
Differential effects of TGF-beta on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression in hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. J Hepatol (2007) 1.23
Inhibition of hepatic fibrogenesis by matrix metalloproteinase-9 mutants in mice. FASEB J (2006) 1.23
Dominant-negative soluble PDGF-beta receptor inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and attenuates liver fibrosis. Lab Invest (2004) 1.22
Evolving concepts of liver fibrogenesis provide new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Comp Hepatol (2007) 1.22
Endoglin differentially modulates antagonistic transforming growth factor-beta1 and BMP-7 signaling. J Biol Chem (2007) 1.20
Profibrogenic transforming growth factor-beta/activin receptor-like kinase 5 signaling via connective tissue growth factor expression in hepatocytes. Hepatology (2007) 1.19
Ionizing radiation shifts the PAI-1/ID-1 balance and activates notch signaling in endothelial cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2009) 1.15
Antisense strategy against PDGF B-chain proves effective in preventing experimental liver fibrogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2004) 1.15
VEGF and inhibitors of TGFbeta type-I receptor kinase synergistically promote blood-vessel formation by inducing alpha5-integrin expression. J Cell Sci (2009) 1.15
Autocrine bone morphogenetic protein-9 signals through activin receptor-like kinase-2/Smad1/Smad4 to promote ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Res (2009) 1.14
Anti-TGF-beta strategies for the treatment of chronic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2005) 1.14
Dominant-negative ALK2 allele associates with congenital heart defects. Circulation (2009) 1.14
Fine-tuning BMP7 signalling in adipogenesis by UBE2O/E2-230K-mediated monoubiquitination of SMAD6. EMBO J (2013) 1.12
Aberrant Bmp signaling and notochord delamination in the pathogenesis of esophageal atresia. Dev Dyn (2007) 1.12
Gc-globulin: roles in response to injury. Clin Chem (2006) 1.12
Expression analysis of the autosomal recessive primary microcephaly genes MCPH1 (microcephalin) and MCPH5 (ASPM, abnormal spindle-like, microcephaly associated) in human malignant gliomas. Oncol Rep (2008) 1.10
Changing the pathogenetic roadmap of liver fibrosis? Where did it start; where will it go? J Gastroenterol Hepatol (2008) 1.10
Atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation: the role of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Int J Cardiol (2009) 1.09
Adenoviral expression of a transforming growth factor-beta1 antisense mRNA is effective in preventing liver fibrosis in bile-duct ligated rats. BMC Gastroenterol (2003) 1.08
Effects of HIF-1 inhibition by chetomin on hypoxia-related transcription and radiosensitivity in HT 1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. BMC Cancer (2007) 1.07
Ubiquitin-specific protease 4 mitigates Toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor signaling and regulates innate immune activation. J Biol Chem (2012) 1.07
Insulin resistance in liver cirrhosis is not associated with circulating retinol-binding protein 4. Diabetes Care (2007) 1.06
Association of polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with the rate of progression of HCV-induced liver fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta (2002) 1.06
Immortal hepatic stellate cell lines: useful tools to study hepatic stellate cell biology and function? J Cell Mol Med (2007) 1.06
Elevated transforming growth factor β and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediate fibrotic traits of Dupuytren's disease fibroblasts. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair (2011) 1.05
Resistin serum levels are associated with insulin resistance, disease severity, clinical complications, and prognosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. Am J Gastroenterol (2006) 1.05
Y-box protein-1 is the crucial mediator of antifibrotic interferon-gamma effects. J Biol Chem (2005) 1.04
Mixed chimerism of cardiomyocytes and vessels after allogeneic bone marrow and stem-cell transplantation in comparison with cardiac allografts. Transplantation (2004) 1.04
Endoglin promotes TGF-β/Smad1 signaling in scleroderma fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol (2011) 1.03
Platelet-derived growth factor isoform expression in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury. Lab Invest (2008) 1.03
Immunohistochemical detection of osteopontin in advanced head-and-neck cancer: prognostic role and correlation with oxygen electrode measurements, hypoxia-inducible-factor-1alpha-related markers, and hemoglobin levels. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2006) 1.03
Abrogation of transforming growth factor-beta signaling by SMAD7 inhibits collagen gel contraction of human dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem (2005) 1.02
Adenoviral delivery of an antisense RNA complementary to the 3' coding sequence of transforming growth factor-beta1 inhibits fibrogenic activities of hepatic stellate cells. Cell Growth Differ (2002) 1.02
Identification of a key residue mediating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 resistance to noggin inhibition allows for engineered BMPs with superior agonist activity. J Biol Chem (2010) 1.01
TGF-beta enhances alcohol dependent hepatocyte damage via down-regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase I. J Hepatol (2010) 1.01
Surgical considerations in cochlear implantation in children and adults: a review of 342 cases in Vienna. Acta Otolaryngol (2005) 1.01
Disruption of the latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-1 gene causes alteration in facial structure and influences TGF-beta bioavailability. Biochim Biophys Acta (2007) 1.01
Plasma osteopontin levels in patients with head and neck cancer and cervix cancer are critically dependent on the choice of ELISA system. BMC Cancer (2006) 1.01
Fas-associated factor 1 antagonizes Wnt signaling by promoting β-catenin degradation. Mol Biol Cell (2011) 1.00
Identification of endoglin in rat hepatic stellate cells: new insights into transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling. J Biol Chem (2004) 0.99
Haplotype-tagging RANTES gene variants influence response to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology (2004) 0.98
New mechanisms of skin innate immunity: ASK1-mediated keratinocyte differentiation regulates the expression of beta-defensins, LL37, and TLR2. Eur J Immunol (2005) 0.97
Procalcitonin serum levels after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation (2003) 0.96
Activation of TGF-beta within cultured hepatocytes and in liver injury leads to intracrine signaling with expression of connective tissue growth factor. J Cell Mol Med (2008) 0.96
Methylation of Smad6 by protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1. FEBS Lett (2006) 0.95
Expression patterns of PDGF-A, -B, -C and -D and the PDGF-receptors alpha and beta in activated rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Cytokine (2005) 0.95
RAF expression in human astrocytic tumors. Int J Mol Med (2009) 0.94
BMP-7 as antagonist of organ fibrosis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) (2009) 0.94
Association of echocardiographic atrial size and atrial fibrosis in a sequential model of congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Pathol (2008) 0.94
Ski co-repressor complexes maintain the basal repressed state of the TGF-beta target gene, SMAD7, via HDAC3 and PRMT5. Genes Cells (2008) 0.94
LRP8 mediates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and controls osteoblast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res (2012) 0.94
Elevation of Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine-modified advanced glycation end products in chronic liver disease is an indicator of liver cirrhosis. Clin Biochem (2006) 0.93
GSK3β inactivation induces apoptosis of leukemia cells by repressing the function of c-Myb. Mol Biol Cell (2011) 0.93