Published in Science on November 15, 1991
Consistent viral evolutionary changes associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol (1999) 10.41
Viral population estimation using pyrosequencing. PLoS Comput Biol (2008) 5.89
Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection kinetics. J Virol (1993) 5.17
Increased viral burden and cytopathicity correlate temporally with CD4+ T-lymphocyte decline and clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. J Virol (1993) 4.83
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in vivo tracked by DNA heteroduplex mobility assays. J Virol (1994) 4.35
Virus dynamics and drug therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1997) 3.63
Convergent and divergent sequence evolution in the surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 within a single infected patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1992) 3.58
Variation in HIV-1 set-point viral load: epidemiological analysis and an evolutionary hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007) 3.29
Relationship of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequence heterogeneity to stage of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1992) 3.19
Slower evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies during progression to AIDS. J Virol (1997) 2.72
Production of resistant HIV mutants during antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2000) 2.61
Genetic bottlenecks and population passages cause profound fitness differences in RNA viruses. J Virol (1993) 2.55
Evolution of resistance during clonal expansion. Genetics (2006) 2.36
Evolution of envelope sequences from the genital tract and peripheral blood of women infected with clade A human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol (1998) 2.21
Divergent patterns of progression to AIDS after infection from the same source: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution and antiviral responses. J Virol (1997) 2.16
Dual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and recombination in a dually exposed transfusion recipient. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Virol (1995) 2.15
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genetic evolution in children with different rates of development of disease. J Virol (1997) 2.11
The evolution and maintenance of virulence in microparasites. Emerg Infect Dis (1996) 2.07
Intrahost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution is related to length of the immunocompetent period. J Virol (1995) 2.06
Human immunodeficiency virus drug therapy and virus load. J Virol (1997) 2.05
Alterations in potential sites for glycosylation predominate during evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope gene in macaques. J Virol (1992) 1.98
Viral dynamics in vivo: limitations on estimates of intracellular delay and virus decay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) 1.79
Human immunodeficiency viruses regulated by alternative trans-activators: genetic evidence for a novel non-transcriptional function of Tat in virion infectivity. EMBO J (1994) 1.78
Patterns of HIV-1 evolution in individuals with differing rates of CD4 T cell decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1998) 1.72
Nature, position, and frequency of mutations made in a single cycle of HIV-1 replication. J Virol (2010) 1.65
Antiretroviral dynamics determines HIV evolution and predicts therapy outcome. Nat Med (2012) 1.61
Transmission bottlenecks as determinants of virulence in rapidly evolving pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 1.60
Fitness costs and diversity of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response determine the rate of CTL escape during acute and chronic phases of HIV infection. J Virol (2011) 1.57
Dynamics of immune escape during HIV/SIV infection. PLoS Comput Biol (2008) 1.54
In vivo sequence variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gp120: association of V2 extension with slow disease progression. J Virol (1997) 1.48
Immune activation promotes evolutionary conservation of T-cell epitopes in HIV-1. PLoS Biol (2013) 1.44
Attenuated replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a didanosine-selected reverse transcriptase mutation. J Virol (1997) 1.44
Convergent evolution within the V3 loop domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in association with disease progression. J Virol (1995) 1.43
Antigenic variation and the within-host dynamics of parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) 1.43
Many-trillionfold amplification of single RNA virus particles fails to overcome the Muller's ratchet effect. J Virol (1993) 1.40
Probabilistic inference of viral quasispecies subject to recombination. J Comput Biol (2013) 1.40
Dynamic correlation between intrahost HIV-1 quasispecies evolution and disease progression. PLoS Comput Biol (2008) 1.39
Evolutionary dynamics of escape from biomedical intervention. Proc Biol Sci (2003) 1.38
Adherence and drug resistance: predictions for therapy outcome. Proc Biol Sci (2000) 1.34
Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env sequence variation in patients with diverse rates of disease progression and T-cell function. J Virol (1997) 1.30
Mutation-selection equilibrium in games with multiple strategies. J Theor Biol (2009) 1.26
Intra-host versus inter-host selection: viral strategies of immune function impairment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 1.25
Persistence of four related human immunodeficiency virus subtypes during the course of zidovudine therapy: relationship between virion RNA and proviral DNA. J Virol (1994) 1.25
Nucleotide and amino acid complexity of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in serum and liver. J Virol (2000) 1.23
Contrasting life strategies of viruses that infect photo- and heterotrophic bacteria, as revealed by viral tagging. MBio (2012) 1.20
Genetic drift can dominate short-term human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef quasispecies evolution in vivo. J Virol (1997) 1.20
A new theory of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte memory: implications for HIV treatment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2000) 1.20
Specific therapy regimes could lead to long-term immunological control of HIV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 1.18
Evolution of a simian immunodeficiency virus pathogen. J Virol (1998) 1.15
Retroviral mutation rates and A-to-G hypermutations during different stages of retroviral replication. J Virol (1996) 1.14
The role of antigenic stimulation and cytotoxic T cell activity in regulating the long-term immunopathogenesis of HIV: mechanisms and clinical implications. Proc Biol Sci (2001) 1.14
Intrapatient diversity and its correlation with viral setpoint in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 CRF02_A/G-IbNG infection. J Virol (2002) 1.14
A proposal for a new approach to a preventive vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1993) 1.13
Mutagenicity and pausing of HIV reverse transcriptase during HIV plus-strand DNA synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res (1994) 1.13
B epitopes and selection pressures in feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol (1993) 1.12
Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in perinatally infected infants with rapid and slow progression to disease. J Virol (1997) 1.10
Immune escape by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from neutralizing antibodies: evidence for multiple pathways. J Virol (1993) 1.09
Dynamics of targeted cancer therapy. Trends Mol Med (2012) 1.07
T-cell induced pathogenesis in HIV: bystander effects and latent infection. Proc Biol Sci (1999) 1.07
Modelling the evolution and spread of HIV immune escape mutants. PLoS Pathog (2010) 1.06
Evolutionary pattern of intra-host pathogen antigenic drift: effect of cross-reactivity in immune response. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1997) 1.05
Comparative clonal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes isolated from seronegative humans immunized with candidate HIV-1 vaccines. J Exp Med (1992) 1.05
Analysis of the cross-reactive anti-gp120 antibody population in human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals. J Virol (1993) 1.05
Recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes with tat unconstrained by overlapping reading frames reveal residues in Tat important for replication in tissue culture. J Virol (1996) 1.04
Host-specific modulation of the selective constraints driving human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env gene evolution. J Virol (1999) 1.04
Current perspectives on HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance. Viruses (2014) 1.04
Genetic stability of foamy viruses: long-term study in an African green monkey population. J Virol (1999) 1.03
Dynamics of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte exhaustion. Proc Biol Sci (1998) 1.03
Modeling and optimization of populations subject to time-dependent mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1995) 1.02
Ecological theory to enhance infectious disease control and public health policy. Front Ecol Environ (2005) 0.99
Diversity and virulence thresholds in AIDS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 0.98
Characterization of a new simian immunodeficiency virus strain in a naturally infected Pan troglodytes troglodytes chimpanzee with AIDS related symptoms. Retrovirology (2011) 0.97
Clostridium difficile exposure as an insidious source of infection in healthcare settings: an epidemiological model. BMC Infect Dis (2013) 0.96
Extensive diversification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B strains during dual infection of a chimpanzee that progressed to AIDS. J Virol (1998) 0.96
Human immunodeficiency virus evolution towards reduced replicative fitness in vivo and the development of AIDS. Proc Biol Sci (2007) 0.95
Quantification of intrinsic residual viral replication in treated HIV-infected patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2001) 0.95
Mathematical modeling of escape of HIV from cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Stat Mech (2013) 0.95
Certain HLA-DR5 and -DR6 major histocompatibility complex class II alleles are associated with a CD8 lymphocytic host response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 characterized by low lymphocyte viral strain heterogeneity and slow disease progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 0.94
Additive effect of neutralizing antibody and antiviral drug treatment in preventing virus escape and persistence. J Virol (2000) 0.92
A simple relationship between viral load and survival time in HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 0.92
The race between initial T-helper expansion and virus growth upon HIV infection influences polyclonality of the response and viral set-point. Proc Biol Sci (2003) 0.92
Virus phenotype switching and disease progression in HIV-1 infection. Proc Biol Sci (1999) 0.90
An algorithm for mapping positively selected members of quasispecies-type viruses. BMC Bioinformatics (2001) 0.90
Modeling antiretroviral drug responses for HIV-1 infected patients using differential equation models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2013) 0.89
Evidence of positive Darwinian selection in putative meningococcal vaccine antigens. J Mol Evol (2005) 0.89
HIV evolutionary genetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 0.89
Dynamic models of immune responses: what is the ideal level of detail? Theor Biol Med Model (2010) 0.89
The effect of different immune responses on the evolution of virulent CXCR4-tropic HIV. Proc Biol Sci (1998) 0.88
The intra-host evolutionary and population dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a phylogenetic perspective. Infect Dis Rep (2013) 0.86
Functional diversity of HIV-1 envelope proteins expressed by contemporaneous plasma viruses. Retrovirology (2008) 0.86
How effectively can HIV phylogenies be used to measure heritability? Evol Med Public Health (2013) 0.85
Antigenic cooperation among intrahost HCV variants organized into a complex network of cross-immunoreactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2015) 0.85
Interrelationship between HIV-1 fitness and mutation rate. J Mol Biol (2012) 0.85
How do antigenically varying pathogens avoid cross-reactive responses to invariant antigens? Proc Biol Sci (2012) 0.85
Viral diversity and diversification of major non-structural genes vif, vpr, vpu, tat exon 1 and rev exon 1 during primary HIV-1 subtype C infection. PLoS One (2012) 0.84
Predicting disease progression from short biomarker series using expert advice algorithm. Sci Rep (2015) 0.84
From HIV infection to AIDS: a dynamically induced percolation transition? Proc Biol Sci (2002) 0.84
HIV-1 subtype C envelope characteristics associated with divergent rates of chronic disease progression. Retrovirology (2010) 0.83
The evolutionary selective advantage of HIV-1 escape variants and the contribution of escape to the HLA-associated risk of AIDS progression. PLoS One (2008) 0.83
Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature (1976) 11.41
How many species are there on Earth? Science (1988) 10.80
Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I. Nature (1979) 9.66
Averting a malaria disaster. Lancet (1999) 9.40
Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1997) 9.07
The reconstructed evolutionary process. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1994) 8.89
Will a large complex system be stable? Nature (1972) 8.57
Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies on sequential HIV isolates. J Virol (1989) 8.32
Coevolution of hosts and parasites. Parasitology (1982) 7.55
The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions. Science (2001) 6.19
Directly transmitted infections diseases: control by vaccination. Science (1982) 5.72
Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection. Science (1997) 5.55
The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 5.11
Minimal requirements for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 domain to support the syncytium-inducing phenotype: analysis by single amino acid substitution. J Virol (1992) 4.86
Transmission dynamics of HIV infection. Nature (1987) 4.84
HIV-1 genomic RNA diversification following sexual and parenteral virus transmission. Virology (1992) 4.70
The intrinsic transmission dynamics of tuberculosis epidemics. Nat Med (1995) 4.60
Superinfection and the evolution of parasite virulence. Proc Biol Sci (1994) 4.57
Expression of human immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV-Ag) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during acute and chronic infection. Lancet (1986) 4.54
Modelling vaccination strategies against foot-and-mouth disease. Nature (2002) 4.54
Transmission intensity and impact of control policies on the foot and mouth epidemic in Great Britain. Nature (2001) 4.53
Epidemiology and genetics in the coevolution of parasites and hosts. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1983) 4.52
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones chimeric for the envelope V3 domain differ in syncytium formation and replication capacity. J Virol (1992) 4.39
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in vivo tracked by DNA heteroduplex mobility assays. J Virol (1994) 4.35
Niche overlap as a function of environmental variability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1972) 4.34
The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents. Nat Med (1996) 4.31
Vaccination against rubella and measles: quantitative investigations of different policies. J Hyg (Lond) (1983) 4.27
Ordered appearance of zidovudine resistance mutations during treatment of 18 human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. J Infect Dis (1992) 4.21
Association between biological properties of human immunodeficiency virus variants and risk for AIDS and AIDS mortality. Lancet (1989) 4.19
Biological populations with nonoverlapping generations: stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Science (1974) 4.15
Evolutionarily stable dispersal strategies. J Theor Biol (1980) 4.11
Age-related changes in the rate of disease transmission: implications for the design of vaccination programmes. J Hyg (Lond) (1985) 3.93
Characterization of HIV-1 neutralization escape mutants. AIDS (1989) 3.88
Epidemiology. How viruses spread among computers and people. Science (2001) 3.86
The reliability and validity of a brief diabetes knowledge test. Diabetes Care (1998) 3.81
Population biology of infectious diseases: Part II. Nature (1979) 3.79
Nonlinear forecasting as a way of distinguishing chaos from measurement error in time series. Nature (1990) 3.65
The influence of concurrent partnerships on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS. Math Biosci (1992) 3.64
Virus dynamics and drug therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1997) 3.63
Antigenic oscillations and shifting immunodominance in HIV-1 infections. Nature (1995) 3.61
Failure of zidovudine prophylaxis after accidental exposure to HIV-1. N Engl J Med (1990) 3.61
Immunological abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected asymptomatic homosexual men. HIV affects the immune system before CD4+ T helper cell depletion occurs. J Clin Invest (1988) 3.59
Vaccination and herd immunity to infectious diseases. Nature (1985) 3.58
Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infections among drug users and drug-using prostitutes in Amsterdam. AIDS (1988) 3.50
Population dynamics of immune responses to persistent viruses. Science (1996) 3.49
Extinction rates can be estimated from molecular phylogenies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1994) 3.47
Viral dynamics of acute HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med (1999) 3.45
Methods for estimating the case fatality ratio for a novel, emerging infectious disease. Am J Epidemiol (2005) 3.40
Epidemiological parameters of HIV transmission. Nature (1988) 3.36
Emergence of viruses resistant to neutralization by V3-specific antibodies in experimental human immunodeficiency virus type 1 IIIB infection of chimpanzees. J Virol (1990) 3.35
HIV-1 V3 domain variation in brain and spleen of children with AIDS: tissue-specific evolution within host-determined quasispecies. Virology (1991) 3.33
Networks of sexual contacts: implications for the pattern of spread of HIV. AIDS (1989) 3.29
Persistent HIV antigenaemia and decline of HIV core antibodies associated with transition to AIDS. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1986) 3.27
The estimation of age-related rates of infection from case notifications and serological data. J Hyg (Lond) (1985) 3.26
Extinction and the loss of evolutionary history. Science (1997) 3.23
Sexual lifestyles under scrutiny. Nature (1990) 3.19
Changes in sexual behaviour and the fall in incidence of HIV infection among homosexual men. BMJ (1989) 3.16
Association between CCR5 genotype and the clinical course of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med (1997) 3.08
Effects of expert and non-expert facilitators on the small-group process and on student performance. Acad Med (1992) 3.03
Prophylactic vaccines, risk behavior change, and the probability of eradicating HIV in San Francisco. Science (1994) 2.98
Oscillatory fluctuations in the incidence of infectious disease and the impact of vaccination: time series analysis. J Hyg (Lond) (1984) 2.95
Spatial games and the maintenance of cooperation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 2.93
Patient attitudes to the expanded role of the nurse in family practice. Can Med Assoc J (1971) 2.93
HIV infection and reproductive health in teenage women orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS in Zimbabwe. AIDS Care (2005) 2.89
Rubella vaccination policy: a note of caution. Lancet (1987) 2.87
Evolution of sequences encoding the principal neutralization epitope of human immunodeficiency virus 1 is host dependent, rapid, and continuous. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 2.78
The organizer factors Chordin and Noggin are required for mouse forebrain development. Nature (2000) 2.78
Sexual mixing patterns of patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics. Sex Transm Dis (1996) 2.76
Natural HIV-1 NEF accelerates virus replication in primary human lymphocytes. Virology (1992) 2.76
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in intensive-care hospital settings: transmission dynamics, persistence, and the impact of infection control programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 2.75
Distinct IgG recognition patterns during progression of subclinical and clinical infection with lymphadenopathy associated virus/human T lymphotropic virus. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1986) 2.75
Antigenic diversity and the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Science (1994) 2.71
The natural history of syphilis. Implications for the transmission dynamics and control of infection. Sex Transm Dis (1997) 2.70
The evolution of virulence in parasites and pathogens: reconciliation between two competing hypotheses. J Theor Biol (1994) 2.67
Immunological modulation and evasion by helminth parasites in human populations. Nature (1993) 2.62
Naturally occurring mutations within HIV-1 V3 genomic RNA lead to antigenic variation dependent on a single amino acid substitution. Virology (1991) 2.59
Population dynamics of fox rabies in Europe. Nature (1981) 2.59
Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of dengue: insights from age-stratified sero-prevalence surveys. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1999) 2.57
The spread of HIV-1 in Africa: sexual contact patterns and the predicted demographic impact of AIDS. Nature (1991) 2.55
Sexual mixing patterns in the spread of gonococcal and chlamydial infections. Am J Public Health (1999) 2.54
Zidovudine sensitivity of human immunodeficiency viruses from high-risk, symptom-free individuals during therapy. Lancet (1990) 2.50
Quantitative investigations of different vaccination policies for the control of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the United Kingdom. J Hyg (Lond) (1986) 2.48
Helminth infections of humans: mathematical models, population dynamics, and control. Adv Parasitol (1985) 2.47
The invasion, persistence and spread of infectious diseases within animal and plant communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1986) 2.43