Published in N Engl J Med on December 12, 1985
Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1986) 8.45
Infection of monocyte/macrophages by human T lymphotropic virus type III. J Clin Invest (1986) 5.90
Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbiol Rev (1993) 5.88
Human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibodies recognize several conserved domains on the envelope glycoproteins. J Virol (1987) 5.03
Effects of mutations within the 3' orf open reading frame region of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) on replication and cytopathogenicity. J Virol (1986) 4.48
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in vivo tracked by DNA heteroduplex mobility assays. J Virol (1994) 4.35
Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus vpr open reading frame. J Virol (1989) 3.48
Human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat responds to T-cell activation signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1987) 3.47
Isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from the brain may constitute a special group of the AIDS virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1989) 3.31
Identification of human immunodeficiency virus envelope gene sequences influencing viral entry into CD4-positive HeLa cells, T-leukemia cells, and macrophages. J Virol (1991) 3.28
Persistent HIV antigenaemia and decline of HIV core antibodies associated with transition to AIDS. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1986) 3.27
Human immunodeficiency virus can productively infect cultured human glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1987) 3.14
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gene structure and diversity in vivo and after cocultivation in vitro. J Virol (1992) 2.88
Restricted replication of simian immunodeficiency virus strain 239 in macrophages is determined by env but is not due to restricted entry. J Virol (1993) 2.70
Ocular manifestations of HIV infection. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc (1995) 2.67
Human immunodeficiency virus pseudotypes with expanded cellular and species tropism. J Virol (1990) 2.66
Cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease. J Exp Med (1992) 2.48
AIDS subacute encephalitis. Identification of HIV-infected cells. Am J Pathol (1987) 2.47
The neuropathology of AIDS. UCLA experience and review. Am J Pathol (1986) 2.08
The viral envelope gene is involved in macrophage tropism of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain isolated from brain tissue. J Virol (1990) 2.04
Coalescent estimates of HIV-1 generation time in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 2.02
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 populations in blood and semen. J Virol (1998) 1.99
Localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys. Am J Pathol (1991) 1.93
Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the vpr gene inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary human macrophages. J Virol (1993) 1.88
Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol (1987) 1.81
Whole brain diffusion tensor imaging in HIV-associated cognitive impairment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol (2004) 1.78
Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells occurs via a CD4/galactosylceramide-independent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1993) 1.73
Human immunodeficiency virus-infected macrophages produce soluble factors that cause histological and neurochemical alterations in cultured human brains. J Clin Invest (1991) 1.71
Genetic composition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cerebrospinal fluid and blood without treatment and during failing antiretroviral therapy. J Virol (2005) 1.68
Chemokines: integrators of pain and inflammation. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2005) 1.68
CD4-independent, productive infection of a neuronal cell line by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol (1990) 1.64
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with myelopathy: expression and replication in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1989) 1.61
Practical diagnostic testing for human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Microbiol Rev (1988) 1.61
Central nervous system immune activation characterizes primary human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection even in participants with minimal cerebrospinal fluid viral burden. J Infect Dis (2011) 1.59
Mechanisms for adaptation of simian immunodeficiency virus to replication in alveolar macrophages. J Virol (2000) 1.57
Limited sequence heterogeneity among biologically distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from individuals involved in a clustered infectious outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 1.54
Stimulatory and inhibitory influences of human immunodeficiency virus on normal B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1986) 1.54
Microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection and fusion. Acta Neuropathol (1988) 1.52
Trans-activation of the JC virus late promoter by the tat protein of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus in glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 1.52
Role of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus in AIDS encephalitis. Am J Pathol (1988) 1.49
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced disease of the central nervous system: pathology and implications for pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol (1989) 1.49
Persistence of attenuated rev genes in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected asymptomatic individual. J Virol (1995) 1.48
Comparative studies on use of fresh and frozen peripheral blood lymphocyte specimens for isolation of human immunodeficiency virus and effects of cell lysis on isolation efficiency. J Clin Microbiol (1987) 1.47
TAR-independent transactivation by Tat in cells derived from the CNS: a novel mechanism of HIV-1 gene regulation. EMBO J (1992) 1.39
Prevention of occupational transmission of HIV in the ENT clinic. Ann R Coll Surg Engl (1992) 1.39
T-cell-induced expression of human immunodeficiency virus in macrophages. J Virol (1990) 1.38
Molecular mechanisms of neuroinvasion by monocytes-macrophages in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology (2010) 1.36
In vitro modification of human immunodeficiency virus infection by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1986) 1.35
Neuropathology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 53 autopsy cases with particular emphasis on microglial nodules and multinucleated giant cells. Acta Neuropathol (1987) 1.29
Sensitive microculture method for isolation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from blood leukocytes. J Clin Microbiol (1992) 1.29
Legal control measures for AIDS: reporting requirements, surveillance, quarantine, and regulation of public meeting places. Am J Public Health (1987) 1.28
Health and safety at necropsy. J Clin Pathol (2003) 1.28
Neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): a report of 135 consecutive autopsy cases from Switzerland. Acta Neuropathol (1989) 1.27
The cellular receptor (CD4) of the human immunodeficiency virus is expressed on neurons and glial cells in human brain. J Exp Med (1987) 1.23
Generation of hybrid human immunodeficiency virus by homologous recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1989) 1.23
Mechanisms of immune activation of human immunodeficiency virus in monocytes/macrophages. J Virol (1993) 1.22
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in the central nervous system correlates directly with extent of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 1.19
Construction of a defective retrovirus containing the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase cDNA and its expression in cultured cells and mouse bone marrow. Mol Cell Biol (1987) 1.17
Infection of human fetal dorsal root ganglion glial cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 involves an entry mechanism independent of the CD4 T4A epitope. J Virol (1989) 1.13
Killing of primary CD4+ T cells by non-syncytium-inducing macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 1.12
Isolation and characterization of a neuropathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus derived from a sooty mangabey. J Virol (1998) 1.11
HIV's double strike at the brain: neuronal toxicity and compromised neurogenesis. Front Biosci (2008) 1.11
Intra-blood-brain barrier synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody in humans and chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1987) 1.09
Ovine lentivirus lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. Rapid induction in neonatal lambs. Am J Pathol (1986) 1.08
Controversies in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Lancet Neurol (2014) 1.07
Pathogenic and protective correlates of T cell proliferation in AIDS. HNRC Group. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. J Clin Invest (1996) 1.07
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is present in the cerebrospinal fluid of a majority of infected individuals. J Clin Microbiol (1992) 1.06
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in urine cell pellets from HIV-1-seropositive individuals. J Clin Microbiol (1992) 1.06
Impact of dosing schedule upon suppression of a retrovirus in a murine model of AIDS encephalopathy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1994) 1.00
Distribution of a macaque immunosuppressive type D retrovirus in neural, lymphoid, and salivary tissues. J Virol (1988) 1.00
Should we treat acute HIV infection? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep (2012) 1.00
Dimethyl fumarate, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity: a novel candidate for HIV neuroprotection. J Immunol (2011) 0.99
Neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1986) 0.99
The spectrum of polyneuropathies in patients infected with HIV. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (1989) 0.98
Pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-D-2-aminopurine dioxolane and (-)-beta-D-2-amino-6-chloropurine dioxolane and their antiviral metabolite (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine in rhesus monkeys. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1996) 0.96
Relationship between alcohol use/abuse, HIV infection and neuropsychological performance in African American men. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol (2006) 0.95
Heme inhibits human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication in cell cultures and enhances the antiviral effect of zidovudine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1991) 0.95
Peritoneal macrophage uptake, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of macrophage-targeted PEG-fMLF (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) nanocarriers for improving HIV drug delivery. Pharm Res (2007) 0.95
Vacuolar myelopathy with multinucleated giant cells in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Light and electron microscopic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens. Acta Neuropathol (1989) 0.95
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain. Clin Microbiol Rev (1993) 0.94
HIV and neurocognitive dysfunction. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep (2013) 0.91
Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 in Lyme neuroborreliosis and asymptomatic HIV infection. BMC Neurol (2013) 0.91
Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the nervous system of transgenic mice leads to neurological disease. J Virol (1994) 0.89
Human blood-derived macrophages enhance barrier function of cultured primary bovine and human brain capillary endothelial cells. J Physiol (2003) 0.89
Neuromuscular complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy. West J Med (1994) 0.87
Controlling Neuropathic Pain in HIV. Curr Infect Dis Rep (2004) 0.87
Anti-HIV antibodies in the CSF of AIDS patients: a serological and immunoblotting study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (1988) 0.86
Progressive neurological dysfunction during latent HIV infection. BMJ (1989) 0.86
Genetic features of cerebrospinal fluid-derived subtype B HIV-1 tat. J Neurovirol (2012) 0.85
Reduced genetic diversity in lymphoid and central nervous system tissues and selection-induced tissue-specific compartmentalization of neuropathogenic SIVsmmFGb during acute infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses (2009) 0.85
Neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Postgrad Med J (1988) 0.85
Anticardiolipin antibodies in HIV infection: association with cerebral perfusion defects as detected by 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Clin Exp Immunol (1994) 0.84
Subclinical neurological and neuropsychological effect of infection with HIV. Genitourin Med (1989) 0.84
Development of neurological disease is associated with increased immune activation in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Virol (2012) 0.84
Tissue reservoirs of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS (2016) 0.83
Perspectives on retroviruses and the etiologic agent of AIDS. Yale J Biol Med (1988) 0.83
Comparative pharmacokinetics of two prodrugs of zidovudine in rabbits: enhanced levels of zidovudine in brain tissue. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1993) 0.83
Neurological and neuropsychological performance in HIV seropositive men without symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (1992) 0.83
Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J Virol (1994) 22.96
HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science (1996) 21.81
Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science (1997) 18.10
Dramatic rise in plasma viremia after CD8(+) T cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Exp Med (1999) 14.30
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection. Science (1993) 13.87
The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med (1987) 13.84
Decay characteristics of HIV-1-infected compartments during combination therapy. Nature (1997) 13.68
Quantitation of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma load of viral RNA. Science (1998) 12.05
The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nat Med (1996) 10.62
Molecular characterization of human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Science (1984) 10.40
Characterization of conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 neutralization epitopes exposed upon gp120-CD4 binding. J Virol (1993) 8.62
The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med (1987) 8.52
Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med (1995) 8.23
HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals. Nature (1987) 7.88
Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med (1991) 7.83
Adaptive evolution of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 during the natural course of infection. Science (1996) 7.73
HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy. Science (1985) 7.70
A trial comparing nucleoside monotherapy with combination therapy in HIV-infected adults with CD4 cell counts from 200 to 500 per cubic millimeter. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Study Team. N Engl J Med (1996) 7.60
Ecology. Synthesizing U.S. river restoration efforts. Science (2005) 7.26
Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med (1999) 7.07
Transcription of the dystrophin gene in human muscle and non-muscle tissue. Nature (1988) 7.00
Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA (2000) 6.49
High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 6.49
Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1997. Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA (1997) 6.35
Cross-clade neutralization of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human monoclonal antibodies and tetrameric CD4-IgG. J Virol (1995) 6.33
Ordered accumulation of mutations in HIV protease confers resistance to ritonavir. Nat Med (1996) 6.14
Infection of monocyte/macrophages by human T lymphotropic virus type III. J Clin Invest (1986) 5.90
Breaking the camel's back: multicenter clinical trials and local institutional review boards. Ann Intern Med (2001) 5.76
Progesterone implants enhance SIV vaginal transmission and early virus load. Nat Med (1996) 5.63
The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Ann Intern Med (1990) 5.55
Cellular targets of infection and route of viral dissemination after an intravaginal inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus into rhesus macaques. J Exp Med (1996) 5.35
Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1996. Recommendations of an international panel. International AIDS Society-USA. JAMA (1996) 5.29
Neutralization of the AIDS retrovirus by antibodies to a recombinant envelope glycoprotein. Science (1986) 5.25
The molecular basis for Duchenne versus Becker muscular dystrophy: correlation of severity with type of deletion. Am J Hum Genet (1989) 5.09
Human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibodies recognize several conserved domains on the envelope glycoproteins. J Virol (1987) 5.03
Increased viral burden and cytopathicity correlate temporally with CD4+ T-lymphocyte decline and clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. J Virol (1993) 4.83
Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Science (2009) 4.82
Bacon therapy and furuncular myiasis. JAMA (1993) 4.79
Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA (1998) 4.61
HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4. Nature (1988) 4.58
HTLV-III in the semen and blood of a healthy homosexual man. Science (1984) 4.53
Long-term culture and fine specificity of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones reactive with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1989) 4.45
CD4+ lymphocytes are an incomplete surrogate marker for clinical progression in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection taking zidovudine. Ann Intern Med (1993) 4.43
A branched DNA signal amplification assay for quantification of nucleic acid targets below 100 molecules/ml. Nucleic Acids Res (1997) 4.40
Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med (1986) 4.37
Rapid production and clearance of HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus assessed by large volume plasma apheresis. Lancet (1999) 4.36
Induction of anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies by synthetic peptides. EMBO J (1986) 4.32
Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen. Science (1987) 4.31
Illegitimate transcription: transcription of any gene in any cell type. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1989) 4.21
Macrophages and age-dependent resistance to Herpes simplex virus in mice. J Immunol (1970) 4.15
Analysis of deletions in DNA from patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature (1986) 4.13
Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med (1987) 4.10
The decay of the latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 is inversely correlated with the extent of residual viral replication during prolonged anti-retroviral therapy. Nat Med (2000) 4.08
The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Virology Study Team. N Engl J Med (1996) 4.03
Designing CD4 immunoadhesins for AIDS therapy. Nature (1989) 4.00
Antibodies to discontinuous or conformationally sensitive epitopes on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are highly prevalent in sera of infected humans. J Virol (1993) 3.95
Virus envelope protein of HTLV-III represents major target antigen for antibodies in AIDS patients. Science (1985) 3.81
Decay kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus-specific effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes after combination antiretroviral therapy. J Virol (1999) 3.79
Discontinuous, conserved neutralization epitopes overlapping the CD4-binding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol (1992) 3.79
Seroepidemiological studies of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet (1984) 3.77
Strong cytotoxic T cell and weak neutralizing antibody responses in a subset of persons with stable nonprogressing HIV type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses (1996) 3.74
Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory environments. JAMA (1986) 3.74
Use of evolutionary limitations of HIV-1 multidrug resistance to optimize therapy. Nature (1993) 3.73
Prevalence and predictive value of intermittent viremia with combination hiv therapy. JAMA (2001) 3.73
Analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. J Immunol (1981) 3.71
Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology. J Virol (1994) 3.70
An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic. Nature (1998) 3.69
Human T lymphotropic virus type III infection of human alveolar macrophages. Blood (1986) 3.66
Impact of cancer-related fatigue on the lives of patients: new findings from the Fatigue Coalition. Oncologist (2000) 3.62
Maximizing sensitivity and specificity of PCR by pre-amplification heating. Nucleic Acids Res (1991) 3.56
Time to hit HIV, early and hard. N Engl J Med (1995) 3.53
Inhibition of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III in vitro by phosphonoformate. Lancet (1985) 3.50
HTLV-III in saliva of people with AIDS-related complex and healthy homosexual men at risk for AIDS. Science (1984) 3.50
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med (1983) 3.49