Failure of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immune globulin to protect chimpanzees against experimental challenge with HIV.

PubWeight™: 2.47‹?› | Rank: Top 2%

🔗 View Article (PMC 282095)

Published in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A on September 01, 1988

Authors

A M Prince1, B Horowitz, L Baker, R W Shulman, H Ralph, J Valinsky, A Cundell, B Brotman, W Boehle, F Rey

Author Affiliations

1: Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY 10021.

Articles citing this

Identification of a membrane-binding domain within the amino-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein which interacts with acidic phospholipids. J Virol (1994) 6.67

Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbiol Rev (1993) 5.88

Monocytotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants detectable in all stages of HIV-1 infection lack T-cell line tropism and syncytium-inducing ability in primary T-cell culture. J Virol (1991) 4.48

Multiple effects of mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase on viral replication. J Virol (1995) 4.27

Differential membrane binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein. J Virol (1996) 3.19

Selective interactions of polyanions with basic surfaces on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J Virol (2000) 2.97

Antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 abolishes infectivity for chimpanzees. J Virol (1990) 2.65

Human monoclonal antibody that recognizes the V3 region of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 and neutralizes the human T-lymphotropic virus type IIIMN strain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 2.29

Adaptation to persistent growth in the H9 cell line renders a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sensitive to neutralization by vaccine sera. J Virol (1995) 2.24

Human monoclonal antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 enhance HIV-1 infection in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 2.08

High specific infectivity of plasma virus from the pre-ramp-up and ramp-up stages of acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol (2009) 1.82

Specific infection of CD4+ target cells by recombinant rabies virus pseudotypes carrying the HIV-1 envelope spike protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) 1.71

Antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in vitro by serum from HIV-1-infected and passively immunized chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1989) 1.64

Importance of ribosomal frameshifting for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particle assembly and replication. J Virol (1998) 1.61

Neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 induce envelope glycoprotein subunit dissociation. J Exp Med (1996) 1.58

Identification by phage display and characterization of two neutralizing chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies to the hepatitis E virus capsid protein. J Virol (2000) 1.48

Particle size determinants in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein. J Virol (1998) 1.48

Serum neutralization of feline immunodeficiency virus is markedly dependent on passage history of the virus and host system. J Virol (1994) 1.41

Statistical analysis of sparse infection data and its implications for retroviral treatment trials in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1992) 1.37

Protection of macaques with a simian immunodeficiency virus envelope peptide vaccine based on conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1991) 1.37

Variant-specific monoclonal and group-specific polyclonal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing antibodies raised with synthetic peptides from the gp120 third variable domain. J Virol (1992) 1.36

Identification of retroviral late domains as determinants of particle size. J Virol (1999) 1.25

Antibody-dependent enhancement of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in vitro by plasma from SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Virol (1990) 1.20

Polymerase chain reaction evidence for human immunodeficiency virus 1 neutralization by passive immunization in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1990) 1.19

Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 microbicide cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate in a human in vitro model of vaginal inflammation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (2005) 1.13

Antibodies to the primary immunodominant domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) glycoprotein gp41 enhance HIV-1 infection in vitro. J Virol (1990) 1.13

Effects of inefficient cleavage of the signal sequence of HIV-1 gp 120 on its association with calnexin, folding, and intracellular transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) 1.10

Identification of amino acids in the V3 region of gp120 critical for virus neutralization by human HIV-1-specific antibodies. Immunology (1991) 1.09

Molecular characterization of five human anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody heavy chains reveals extensive somatic mutation typical of an antigen-driven immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1991) 1.07

Improbability of effective vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus because of its intracellular transmission and rectal portal of entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1992) 1.04

A predominant group-specific neutralizing epitope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 maps to residues 342 to 511 of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. J Virol (1991) 1.03

Resistance of previously infected chimpanzees to successive challenges with a heterologous intraclade B strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol (1996) 1.01

Differences in the antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp160) in infected laboratory workers and vaccinees. J Clin Invest (1993) 0.98

Chimeric gag-V3 virus-like particles of human immunodeficiency virus induce virus-neutralizing antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1992) 0.98

Insertion of primary syncytium-inducing (SI) and non-SI envelope V3 loops in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LAI reduces neutralization sensitivity to autologous, but not heterologous, HIV-1 antibodies. J Virol (1995) 0.94

Human monoclonal antibodies against a recombinant HIV envelope antigen produced by primary in vitro immunization. Characterization and epitope mapping. Immunology (1989) 0.92

CD4-immunoglobulin G2 protects Hu-PBL-SCID mice against challenge by primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. J Virol (1998) 0.88

Combined use of an immunotoxin and cyclosporine to prevent both activated and quiescent peripheral blood T cells from producing type 1 human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1993) 0.88

Anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody elicits broadly neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies in monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1992) 0.85

Passive immunization of macaques with polyclonal anti-SHIV IgG against a heterologous tier 2 SHIV: outcome depends on IgG dose. Retrovirology (2014) 0.85

Cytotoxicity of a shiga toxin A subunit-CD4 fusion protein to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells. Infect Immun (1994) 0.85

Neutralizing antibodies and antigens in AIDS. Infection (1991) 0.84

Interaction of complement and specific antibodies with the external glycoprotein 120 of HIV-1. Immunology (1995) 0.83

Recent advances in the study of human antibody responses to influenza virus using optimized human hybridoma approaches. Vaccine (2009) 0.81

Unique insertion sequence and pattern of CD4 expression in variants selected with immunotoxins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected T cells. J Virol (1995) 0.81

Human immunodeficiency virus infection of monocytes: relationship to Fc-gamma receptors and antibody-dependent viral enhancement. Immunology (1990) 0.80

New FDA drug approval policies and HIV vaccine development. Am J Public Health (1990) 0.80

Use of broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 prevention. Immunol Rev (2017) 0.80

Macaque-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1: breaking out of the host restriction factors. Front Microbiol (2013) 0.79

Processing of the envelope glycoprotein gp160 in immunotoxin-resistant cell lines chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol (1995) 0.78

Autoantibodies to the alpha/beta T-cell receptors in human immunodeficiency virus infection: dysregulation and mimicry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 0.78

Isolation and characterization of a chimpanzee monoclonal antibody to the G glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol (1994) 0.75

Articles cited by this

Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science (1984) 32.33

Delineation of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor. Cell (1987) 11.56

Dengue viruses and mononuclear phagocytes. I. Infection enhancement by non-neutralizing antibody. J Exp Med (1977) 7.01

A study of the basic aspects of neutralization of two animal viruses, western equine encephalitis virus and poliomyelitis virus. Virology (1956) 6.41

Genomic diversity of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus HTLV-III: different viruses exhibit greatest divergence in their envelope genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1985) 5.10

Antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection in primate leukocytes. Nature (1977) 4.18

Dengue viruses and mononuclear phagocytes. II. Identity of blood and tissue leukocytes supporting in vitro infection. J Exp Med (1977) 2.84

Effect of immunization with a vaccinia-HIV env recombinant on HIV infection of chimpanzees. Nature (1987) 2.82

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 challenge of chimpanzees immunized with recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp120. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1988) 2.34

ENHANCEMENT OF THE INFECTIVITY OF ARBOVIRUSES BY SPECIFIC ANTISERA PRODUCED IN DOMESTIC FOWLS. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci (1964) 1.68

A multi-hit model for the neutralization of animal viruses. J Gen Virol (1978) 1.41

Prevalence, clinical significance, and strain specificity of neutralizing antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis (1987) 1.38

Anti-lymphocyte antibodies in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med (1985) 1.38

HTLV-III/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia. JAMA (1986) 1.31

Inactivation of viruses in labile blood derivatives. I. Disruption of lipid-enveloped viruses by tri(n-butyl)phosphate detergent combinations. Transfusion (1985) 1.14

Lymphocyte-reactive antibodies in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Immunol (1984) 1.12

Detection and titration of neutralizing antibodies to HIV using an inhibition of the cytopathic effect of the virus on MT4 cells. J Virol Methods (1987) 1.11

Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin Immunol Immunopathol (1984) 1.09

Quantitative assays for evaluation of HTLV-III inactivation procedures: tri(N-butyl)phosphate:sodium cholate and beta-propiolactone. Cancer Res (1985) 1.04

Inactivation and partition of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type III, during ethanol fractionation of plasma. Transfusion (1986) 1.03

Influence of antisera to oncornavirus glycoprotein (gp71) on infections of cats with feline leukemia virus. Virology (1978) 1.00

Sterilisation of hepatitis and HTLV-III viruses by exposure to tri(n-butyl)phosphate and sodium cholate. Lancet (1986) 0.95

Tri(n-butyl) phosphate/detergent treatment of licensed therapeutic and experimental blood derivatives. Vox Sang (1987) 0.93

Increase of retroviral infection in vitro by the binding of antiretroviral antibodies. J Virol (1986) 0.89

Detection of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies by a simple, rapid, colorimetric assay. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses (1988) 0.89

Prospects for the immunological management of lethal tumors. Cancer Invest (1983) 0.85

Articles by these authors

Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science (1983) 43.61

Genomic heterogeneity of AIDS retroviral isolates from North America and Zaire. Science (1985) 6.31

How good are clinical MEDLINE searches? A comparative study of clinical end-user and librarian searches. Comput Biomed Res (1990) 5.95

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is essential for the viability and function of cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells. J Exp Med (1987) 5.64

Matriarchs as repositories of social knowledge in African elephants. Science (2001) 5.39

Insulin-gene sharing in sib pairs with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: no evidence for linkage. Am J Hum Genet (1988) 4.86

Selective trafficking of KNOTTED1 homeodomain protein and its mRNA through plasmodesmata. Science (1995) 4.40

Volatile organic compounds in breath as markers of lung cancer: a cross-sectional study. Lancet (1999) 3.70

Glycogen storage disease in adults. Ann Intern Med (1994) 3.58

Relative efficacy of human monocytes and dendritic cells as accessory cells for T cell replication. J Exp Med (1983) 3.20

Long-incubation post-transfusion hepatitis without serological evidence of exposure to hepatitis-B virus. Lancet (1974) 2.77

Prevention of HIV infection by passive immunization with HIV immunoglobulin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses (1991) 2.52

Molecular identification of a volume-regulated chloride channel. Nature (1997) 2.48

Familial hyperinsulinism with apparent autosomal dominant inheritance: clinical and genetic differences from the autosomal recessive variant. J Pediatr (1998) 2.33

A conceptual model of psychosomatic illness in children. Family organization and family therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry (1975) 2.31

Gene dosage and suceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes. Ann Hum Genet (1980) 2.29

Prevention of malignant seeding after invasive diagnostic procedures in patients with pleural mesothelioma. A randomized trial of local radiotherapy. Chest (1995) 2.29

Immunity in hepatitis C infection. J Infect Dis (1992) 2.28

Identification and antigenicity of the major envelope glycoprotein of lymphadenopathy-associated virus. Virology (1985) 2.23

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells produce normal amounts of defective Vif- human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles which are restricted for the preretrotranscription steps. J Virol (1995) 2.19

Cotherapy with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I and insulin improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. RhIGF-I in IDDM Study Group. Diabetes Care (1999) 2.14

Malformations in infants of diabetic mothers occur before the seventh gestational week. Implications for treatment. Diabetes (1979) 2.08

Molecular markers expressed in cultured and freshly isolated interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2000) 2.08

Superoxide-mediated modification of low density lipoprotein by arterial smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest (1986) 2.01

Noncoordinated transcription in the absence of protein synthesis in yeast. J Biol Chem (1977) 1.97

Thoracoscopic talc poudrage pleurodesis for malignant effusions. A review of 360 cases. Chest (1996) 1.91

Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in children with non-ketotic hypoglycemia and low carnitine levels. Pediatr Res (1983) 1.91

Specificity of the direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of hepatitis-B antigen. Lancet (1973) 1.89

Fasting hypoglycaemia and metabolic acidosis associated with deficiency of hepatic fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity. Lancet (1970) 1.87

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr protein binds to the uracil DNA glycosylase DNA repair enzyme. J Virol (1996) 1.84

Nucleotide sequence of HIV1-NDK: a highly cytopathic strain of the human immunodeficiency virus. Gene (1989) 1.83

The flavivirus envelope protein E: isolation of a soluble form from tick-borne encephalitis virus and its crystallization. J Virol (1991) 1.80

Quantitation of surface antigens on cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells: rapid and selective increase in the level of surface MHC products. J Invest Dermatol (1988) 1.80

A European multicenter study of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency: classification of 105 mutations and a general system for genotype-based prediction of metabolic phenotype. Am J Hum Genet (1998) 1.78

Influence of selenium supplements on the post-traumatic alterations of the thyroid axis: a placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med (2001) 1.78

Rate of replication of the murine immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus: evidence that the region is part of a single replicon. Mol Cell Biol (1987) 1.77

Kinetics of labeling of the S-adenosylmethionine pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol (1976) 1.73

CpG dinucleotides are mutation hot spots in phenylketonuria. Genomics (1989) 1.70

Antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the preS 120-145 region of the hepatitis B virus envelope are virus neutralizing. Vaccine (1986) 1.68

The causes of neonatal hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med (1999) 1.68

Synthesis of ribosomal proteins during the yeast cell cycle. J Mol Biol (1973) 1.67

Short- and long-term use of octreotide in the treatment of congenital hyperinsulinism. J Pediatr (1993) 1.65

A serine residue in ClC-3 links phosphorylation-dephosphorylation to chloride channel regulation by cell volume. J Gen Physiol (1999) 1.61

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 levels in the diagnosis of hypoglycemia caused by hyperinsulinism. J Pediatr (1997) 1.58

Molecular genetics of phenylketonuria in Mediterranean countries: a mutation associated with partial phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet (1989) 1.58

Familial clustering of hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med (1973) 1.56

Oscillatory patterns in sympathetic neural discharge and cardiovascular variables during orthostatic stimulus. Circulation (2000) 1.55

Linkage-disequilibrium mapping without genotyping. Nat Genet (1998) 1.52

Isolation of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (LAV) from Zairian married couple, one with AIDS, one with prodromes. Lancet (1984) 1.51

Asparagine synthetase activity of mouse leukemias. Science (1968) 1.49

Comparison of relapse rates and of mucosal abnormalities after healing of duodenal ulceration and after one year's maintenance with cimetidine or sucralfate: a light and electron microscopy study. Gut (1989) 1.49

A mobile metabolic crib for infants. Am J Dis Child (1967) 1.48

Dual regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 levels by insulin and cortisol during fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1998) 1.48

TREK-1 regulation by nitric oxide and cGMP-dependent protein kinase. An essential role in smooth muscle inhibitory neurotransmission. J Biol Chem (2001) 1.47

Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in blood donors: an epidemiologic study. J Infect Dis (1973) 1.46

Acute renal failure following cocaine abuse. Nephron (1989) 1.46

Thoracoscopy in pleural malignant mesothelioma: a prospective study of 188 consecutive patients. Part 1: Diagnosis. Cancer (1993) 1.46

Decreased oxygenation and hyperlipemia during intravenous fat infusions in premature infants. Pediatrics (1980) 1.45

The use of tri(n-butyl)phosphate detergent mixtures to inactivate hepatitis viruses and human immunodeficiency virus in plasma and plasma's subsequent fractionation. Transfusion (1990) 1.45

Glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase from leukemia cells. Chloride dependence, mechanism of action, and inhibition. J Biol Chem (1972) 1.45

Malignant hyperphenylalaninaemia--current status (June 1977). J Inherit Metab Dis (1978) 1.45

Differences in mucosal appearances and in relapse rates in duodenal ulceration treated with sucralfate or cimetidine. Am J Med (1989) 1.43

Functional and molecular expression of volume-regulated chloride channels in canine vascular smooth muscle cells. J Physiol (1998) 1.43

Beta cell nesidioblastosis in idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy. J Pediatr (1971) 1.40

Performance evaluation of the FACSCount System: a dedicated system for clinical cellular analysis. Cytometry (1996) 1.40

Virulent HIV strains, chimpanzees, and trial vaccines. Science (1999) 1.40

Differentiating benign from malignant solid breast masses: value of shear wave elastography according to lesion stiffness combined with greyscale ultrasound according to BI-RADS classification. Br J Cancer (2012) 1.40

End-of-life confusion in patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum (1998) 1.39

Prevalence, clinical significance, and strain specificity of neutralizing antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis (1987) 1.38

Ribosomal RNA transcription in a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in ribosomal protein synthesis. Mol Gen Genet (1978) 1.38

Phenotypically Vif- human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is produced by chronically infected restrictive cells. J Virol (1997) 1.38

Tamoxifen activates smooth muscle BK channels through the regulatory beta 1 subunit. J Biol Chem (2001) 1.37

Anion transport in heart. Physiol Rev (2000) 1.37

Hyperinsulinism in infancy: diagnosis by demonstration of abnormal response to fasting hypoglycemia. Pediatrics (1976) 1.35

Glycemic response to glucagon during fasting hypoglycemia: an aid in the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism. J Pediatr (1980) 1.34

Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology (2001) 1.34

The development of virus-free labile blood derivatives--a review. Eur J Epidemiol (1987) 1.33

Molecular cloning and characterization of onchocystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor of Onchocerca volvulus. J Biol Chem (1992) 1.33

Protein engineering of xylose (glucose) isomerase from Actinoplanes missouriensis. 1. Crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis of metal binding sites. Biochemistry (1992) 1.31

Black spots concentrate oncogenic asbestos fibers in the parietal pleura. Thoracoscopic and mineralogic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (1996) 1.31

Nervous system in Pompe's disease. Ultrastructure and biochemistry. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol (1971) 1.31

Familial and sporadic hyperinsulinism: histopathologic findings and segregation analysis support a single autosomal recessive disorder. J Pediatr (1991) 1.30

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr transactivator: cooperation with promoter-bound activator domains and binding to TFIIB. J Mol Biol (1996) 1.29

Insulin effects on glucose metabolism, memory, and plasma amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease differ according to apolipoprotein-E genotype. Ann N Y Acad Sci (2000) 1.27

Letter: Biopterin derivatives in atypical phenylketonuria. Lancet (1976) 1.27

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase activates cloned BKCa channels expressed in mammalian cells by direct phosphorylation at serine 1072. J Biol Chem (1999) 1.25

Differential expression and alternative splicing of TRP channel genes in smooth muscles. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2001) 1.25

Decreased synthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes (1984) 1.25

DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase is specifically incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral particles through a Vpr-independent mechanism. J Virol (1999) 1.24

Solvent/detergent-treated plasma: a virus-inactivated substitute for fresh frozen plasma. Blood (1992) 1.22

The practicality of chronic hepatic artery infusion therapy of primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies: ten-year results of 124 patients in a prospective protocol. Cancer (1981) 1.22

Major and minor depression in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence and impact. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci (1997) 1.21

Advanced glycosylation endproducts on erythrocyte cell surface induce receptor-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages. A model for turnover of aging cells. J Exp Med (1987) 1.21

The early partial remission of juvenile diabetes mellitus. The roles of insulin and growth hormone. J Pediatr (1967) 1.21

Difluorodeoxycytidine (dFdC)--gemcitabine: a phase I study. Invest New Drugs (1992) 1.21

Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of pituitary tumors and other abnormal intrasellar masses. Retrospective analysis of 353 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) (1999) 1.20

Stem cell factor induces proliferation and differentiation of highly enriched murine hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1991) 1.19