Published in JAMA on September 21, 1994
Using natural experiments to evaluate population health interventions: new Medical Research Council guidance. J Epidemiol Community Health (2012) 4.26
Physician spending and subsequent risk of malpractice claims: observational study. BMJ (2015) 4.06
Emergency medical services intervals and survival in trauma: assessment of the "golden hour" in a North American prospective cohort. Ann Emerg Med (2009) 3.92
Association between stroke center hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke and mortality. JAMA (2011) 3.68
Risk factors for prolonged length of stay after major elective surgery. Ann Surg (1999) 3.63
Evaluating short-term drug effects using a physician-specific prescribing preference as an instrumental variable. Epidemiology (2006) 3.54
Patterns of use and short-term complications of breast brachytherapy in the national medicare population from 2008-2009. J Clin Oncol (2012) 3.34
Risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsychotic drugs among elderly patients. CMAJ (2007) 3.30
Association of Intensive Care Unit Admission With Mortality Among Older Patients With Pneumonia. JAMA (2015) 3.18
Mortality after acute myocardial infarction in hospitals that disproportionately treat black patients. Circulation (2005) 2.72
DOES MEDICARE SAVE LIVES? Q J Econ (2009) 2.59
Mail-order pharmacy use and adherence to diabetes-related medications. Am J Manag Care (2010) 2.51
Who is the marginal patient? Understanding instrumental variables estimates of treatment effects. Health Serv Res (1998) 2.50
The timing of preventive services for women and children: the effect of having a usual source of care. Am J Public Health (1996) 2.38
An IV for the RCT: using instrumental variables to adjust for treatment contamination in randomised controlled trials. BMJ (2010) 2.22
The distance to community medical care and the likelihood of hospitalization: is closer always better? Am J Public Health (1997) 2.21
Long-term outcomes of regional variations in intensity of invasive vs medical management of Medicare Patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA (2005) 2.14
Influence of physician specialty on outcomes after acute ischemic stroke. J Hosp Med (2008) 2.07
Association of perceived neighborhood safety with [corrected] body mass index. Am J Public Health (2010) 1.99
Instrumental variable methods in comparative safety and effectiveness research. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf (2010) 1.96
PRODUCTIVITY SPILLOVERS IN HEALTHCARE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TREATMENT OF HEART ATTACKS. J Polit Econ (2007) 1.92
Instrumental variable methods for causal inference. Stat Med (2014) 1.90
Association between ambulance diversion and survival among patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA (2011) 1.78
The use of linear instrumental variables methods in health services research and health economics: a cautionary note. Health Serv Res (2008) 1.73
Instrumental variables I: instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships. J Clin Epidemiol (2009) 1.73
Overview of the special supplement issue. Health Serv Res (2000) 1.72
Was breast conserving surgery underutilized for early stage breast cancer? Instrumental variables evidence for stage II patients from Iowa. Health Serv Res (2003) 1.72
Bayesian methods for instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments ('Mendelian randomization'): example with urate transporter SLC2A9 as an instrumental variable for effect of urate levels on metabolic syndrome. Int J Epidemiol (2010) 1.71
Regionalization of care for acute coronary syndromes: more evidence is needed. JAMA (2005) 1.70
The effect on survival of continuing chemotherapy to near death. BMC Palliat Care (2011) 1.66
Multiple approaches to assessing the effects of delays for hip fracture patients in the United States and Canada. Health Serv Res (2000) 1.64
The relationship between hospital volume and mortality in mechanical ventilation: an instrumental variable analysis. Health Serv Res (2009) 1.63
Physician visits and 30-day hospital readmissions in patients receiving hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol (2014) 1.62
Confounding by indication in non-experimental evaluation of vaccine effectiveness: the example of prevention of influenza complications. J Epidemiol Community Health (2002) 1.61
Increasing health insurance costs and the decline in insurance coverage. Health Serv Res (2005) 1.61
Instrumental variables II: instrumental variable application-in 25 variations, the physician prescribing preference generally was strong and reduced covariate imbalance. J Clin Epidemiol (2009) 1.56
Does childhood schooling affect old age memory or mental status? Using state schooling laws as natural experiments. J Epidemiol Community Health (2008) 1.54
The influence of distance on ambulatory care use, death, and readmission following a myocardial infarction. Health Serv Res (1996) 1.52
Mortality benefit of transfer to level I versus level II trauma centers for head-injured patients. Health Serv Res (2005) 1.51
The optimal outcomes of post-hospital care under medicare. Health Serv Res (2000) 1.46
Do longer postpartum stays reduce newborn readmissions? Analysis using instrumental variables. Health Serv Res (2000) 1.46
An instrumental variables approach to measuring the effect of body weight on employment disability. Health Serv Res (2000) 1.43
Does physician specialty affect the survival of elderly patients with myocardial infarction? Health Serv Res (2000) 1.42
Treatment with neuromuscular blocking agents and the risk of in-hospital mortality among mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med (2014) 1.42
The differential impact of delivery hospital on the outcomes of premature infants. Pediatrics (2012) 1.42
Does ambulatory process of care predict health-related quality of life outcomes for patients with chronic disease? Health Serv Res (2007) 1.39
Care following acute myocardial infarction in the Veterans Administration Medical Centers: a comparison with Medicare. Health Serv Res (2004) 1.31
Racial disparities in completion rates from publicly funded alcohol treatment: economic resources explain more than demographics and addiction severity. Health Serv Res (2007) 1.25
An emergency department intervention for linking pediatric suicidal patients to follow-up mental health treatment. Psychiatr Serv (2011) 1.24
Do hospitals provide lower quality care on weekends? Health Serv Res (2007) 1.23
Does aggressive care following acute myocardial infarction reduce mortality? Analysis with instrumental variables to compare effectiveness in Canadian and United States patient populations. Health Serv Res (2003) 1.23
Hospice care and survival among elderly patients with lung cancer. J Palliat Med (2011) 1.22
Methodology for Evaluating a Partially Controlled Longitudinal Treatment Using Principal Stratification, With Application to a Needle Exchange Program. J Am Stat Assoc (2004) 1.21
Estimating the effect of smoking cessation on weight gain: an instrumental variable approach. Health Serv Res (2006) 1.21
Evaluation of a mature trauma system. Ann Surg (2006) 1.20
Effect of dialysis center profit-status on patient survival: a comparison of risk-adjustment and instrumental variable approaches. Health Serv Res (2006) 1.14
Separated at birth: statisticians, social scientists, and causality in health services research. Health Serv Res (2010) 1.13
Multilevel interventions: study design and analysis issues. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr (2012) 1.13
Using medicare data for comparative effectiveness research: opportunities and challenges. Am J Manag Care (2011) 1.12
The geographic availability and associated utilization of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) testing among older persons in the United States. Osteoporos Int (2008) 1.11
Use of beta-blocker therapy in older patients after acute myocardial infarction in Ontario. CMAJ (1999) 1.11
Association Between Noninvasive Ventilation and Mortality Among Older Patients With Pneumonia. Crit Care Med (2016) 1.09
The comparative effectiveness of mail order pharmacy use vs. local pharmacy use on LDL-C control in new statin users. J Gen Intern Med (2011) 1.08
Comparative effectiveness of upfront treatment strategies in elderly women with ovarian cancer. Cancer (2014) 1.08
Variations in patterns of care and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction for Medicare beneficiaries in fee-for-service and HMO settings. Health Serv Res (2003) 1.08
Exenatide therapy and the risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in a privately insured population. Diabetes Technol Ther (2012) 1.07
Effect of nursing home ownership on the quality of post-acute care: an instrumental variables approach. J Health Econ (2012) 1.05
Invasive procedures in acute myocardial infarction. Are they beneficial? JAMA (1994) 1.04
Use of instrumental variable in prescription drug research with observational data: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol (2010) 1.03
Are primary care services a substitute or complement for specialty and inpatient services? Health Serv Res (2005) 1.03
Outcomes of Basic Versus Advanced Life Support for Out-of-Hospital Medical Emergencies. Ann Intern Med (2015) 1.02
Association of provider-patient visit frequency and patient outcomes on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol (2012) 1.02
Reexploring differences among for-profit and nonprofit dialysis providers. Health Serv Res (2010) 1.02
Is delayed graft function causally associated with long-term outcomes after kidney transplantation? Instrumental variable analysis. Transplantation (2013) 1.00
Catheterization and mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA (1995) 1.00
Catheterization and mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA (1995) 1.00
Measuring Returns to Hospital Care: Evidence from Ambulance Referral Patterns. J Polit Econ (2015) 0.95
An analysis of selectivity bias in the Medicare AAPCC (adjusted average per capita cost). Health Care Financ Rev (1996) 0.95
Using instrumental variables to estimate a Cox's proportional hazards regression subject to additive confounding. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol (2014) 0.93
Spending and mortality in US acute care hospitals. Am J Manag Care (2013) 0.93
Effect of evidence-based acute pain management practices on inpatient costs. Health Serv Res (2009) 0.93
Are the returns to technological change in health care declining? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) 0.93
Coronary revascularization at specialty cardiac hospitals and peer general hospitals in black Medicare beneficiaries. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes (2008) 0.92
When and how to use instrumental variables in palliative care research. J Palliat Med (2009) 0.92
The pragmatist's guide to comparative effectiveness research. J Econ Perspect (2011) 0.92
Continuous quality improvement and controlled trials are not mutually exclusive. Health Serv Res (2000) 0.91
Control Outcomes and Exposures for Improving Internal Validity of Nonrandomized Studies. Health Serv Res (2015) 0.90
Pancreatectomy predicts improved survival for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results of an instrumental variable analysis. Ann Surg (2015) 0.90
Effect of nursing home ownership on hospitalization of long-stay residents: an instrumental variables approach. Int J Health Care Finance Econ (2014) 0.89
International competition and the demand for health insurance in the US: evidence from the Texas-Mexico border region. Int J Health Care Finance Econ (2008) 0.89
Safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in routine care of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J (2009) 0.89
Changes in hospital quality after conversion in ownership status. Int J Health Care Finance Econ (2004) 0.89
Survival implications associated with variation in mastectomy rates for early-staged breast cancer. Int J Surg Oncol (2012) 0.89
Instrumental variable analyses. Exploiting natural randomness to understand causal mechanisms. Ann Am Thorac Soc (2013) 0.88
Improved outcomes associated with higher surgery rates for older patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer (2011) 0.88
Estimating Decision-Relevant Comparative Effects Using Instrumental Variables. Stat Biosci (2011) 0.88
To evacuate or shelter in place: implications of universal hurricane evacuation policies on nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc (2011) 0.88
Provider Visits and Early Vascular Access Placement in Maintenance Hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol (2014) 0.87
The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology (1982) 79.76
Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. N Engl J Med (1991) 38.78
A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology (1983) 30.77
The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II. N Engl J Med (1991) 26.50
Health insurance and the demand for medical care: evidence from a randomized experiment. Am Econ Rev (1987) 10.58
A controlled trial of the effect of a prepaid group practice on use of services. N Engl J Med (1984) 9.61
Knowledge and practices of generalist and specialist physicians regarding drug therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med (1994) 8.80
On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies. N Engl J Med (1982) 7.85
The effects of excise taxes and regulations on cigarette smoking. J Health Econ (1991) 7.73
Validating recommendations for coronary angiography following acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: a matched analysis using propensity scores. J Clin Epidemiol (2001) 7.46
Patient satisfaction as an indicator of quality care. Inquiry (1988) 7.17
Some interim results from a controlled trial of cost sharing in health insurance. N Engl J Med (1981) 6.76
Primer on certain elements of medical decision making. N Engl J Med (1975) 6.28
Relation between malpractice claims and adverse events due to negligence. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III. N Engl J Med (1991) 6.13
Does free care improve adults' health? Results from a randomized controlled trial. N Engl J Med (1983) 5.10
Use of cardiac procedures and outcomes in elderly patients with myocardial infarction in the United States and Canada. N Engl J Med (1997) 4.84
Hospital characteristics associated with adverse events and substandard care. JAMA (1991) 4.77
Adjusting capitation rates using objective health measures and prior utilization. Health Care Financ Rev (1989) 4.64
Probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. A practical approach. Med Decis Making (1985) 4.47
Speech and survival: tradeoffs between quality and quantity of life in laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med (1981) 4.34
Fallacy of the five-year survival in lung cancer. N Engl J Med (1978) 4.23
Comparison of health outcomes at a health maintenance organisation with those of fee-for-service care. Lancet (1986) 4.22
Rating the appropriateness of coronary angiography--do practicing physicians agree with an expert panel and with each other? N Engl J Med (1998) 4.01
Outcome of myocardial infarction in Veterans Health Administration patients as compared with medicare patients. N Engl J Med (2000) 3.67
Paying for graduate medical education: the debate goes on. Health Aff (Millwood) (2001) 3.62
Medical-care expenditure: a cross-national survey. J Hum Resour (1977) 3.52
The changing geographic distribution of board-certified physicians. N Engl J Med (1980) 3.39
Costs of medical injuries in Utah and Colorado. Inquiry (1999) 3.23
Rate adjusters for Medicare under capitation. Health Care Financ Rev (1986) 3.20
How much change in the case mix index is DRG creep? J Health Econ (1990) 3.00
The swine-influenza decision. N Engl J Med (1976) 2.91
A study of medical injury and medical malpractice. N Engl J Med (1989) 2.90
Statistical approaches to the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Med Decis Making (1984) 2.88
The taxes of sin. Do smokers and drinkers pay their way? JAMA (1989) 2.84
Use and misuse of the term "cost effective" in medicine. N Engl J Med (1986) 2.82
Appropriateness of coronary angiography after myocardial infarction among Medicare beneficiaries. Managed care versus fee for service. N Engl J Med (2000) 2.75
Variations in length of stay and outcomes for six medical and surgical conditions in Massachusetts and California. JAMA (1991) 2.71
Use of medical care in the Rand Health Insurance Experiment. Diagnosis- and service-specific analyses in a randomized controlled trial. Med Care (1986) 2.70
Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in staging early prostate cancer. Results of a multi-institutional cooperative trial. N Engl J Med (1990) 2.67
Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. 1991. Qual Saf Health Care (2004) 2.66
Inappropriate use of hospitals in a randomized trial of health insurance plans. N Engl J Med (1986) 2.65
A design for a health insurance experiment. Inquiry (1974) 2.64
Where have all the doctors gone? JAMA (1982) 2.58
Policy options and the impact of national health insurance. N Engl J Med (1974) 2.50
Changing physician payment for Medicare patients. Projected effects on the quality of care. West J Med (1986) 2.46
Acute myocardial infarction in the Medicare population. Process of care and clinical outcomes. JAMA (1992) 2.45
Value of bone scanning in neoplastic disease. Semin Nucl Med (1984) 2.35
Variation in the use of cardiac procedures after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med (1995) 2.32
The demand for dental care: evidence from a randomized trial in health insurance. J Am Dent Assoc (1985) 2.31
Summary of a conference on national health expenditures accounting. Health Care Financ Rev (1986) 2.22
How free care reduced hypertension in the health insurance experiment. JAMA (1985) 2.16
Recent revisions to and recommendations for national health expenditures accounting. Health Care Financ Rev (1991) 2.05
Variations in the utilization of coronary angiography for elderly patients with an acute myocardial infarction. An analysis using hierarchical logistic regression. Med Care (1995) 2.00
Consumer acceptance of prepaid and fee-for-service medical care: results from a randomized controlled trial. Health Serv Res (1986) 2.00
CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology (1991) 1.94
How does managed care do it? Rand J Econ (2000) 1.93
The Medicare prescription drug benefit: how will the game be played? Health Aff (Millwood) (2000) 1.91
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Ontario and New York State: which rate is right? Steering Committee of the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario. Ann Intern Med (1997) 1.89
Two prospective difficulties with prospective payment of hospitals, or, it's better to be a resident than a patient with a complex problem. J Health Econ (1983) 1.88
How many miles to the doctor? N Engl J Med (1983) 1.87
The demand for prescription drugs as a function of cost-sharing. Soc Sci Med (1985) 1.87
How sophisticated are consumers about the medical care delivery system? Med Care (1981) 1.85
Survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with end-stage renal disease: results from the cooperative cardiovascular project. Am J Kidney Dis (2000) 1.79
Providing care at the end of life: do Medicare rules impede good care? Health Aff (Millwood) (2001) 1.73
Overview of the special supplement issue. Health Serv Res (2000) 1.72
Staging of advanced ovarian cancer: comparison of imaging modalities--report from the Radiological Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology (2000) 1.70
Physicians' liking for their patients: more evidence for the role of affect in medical care. Health Psychol (1993) 1.69
Is health spending slowing down? Health Aff (Millwood) (1994) 1.69
Clinical decisionmaking. Med Care (1985) 1.67
The cost and value of second surgical opinion programs: a critical review of the literature. J Health Polit Policy Law (1990) 1.64
Treatment and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction among patients of cardiologists and generalist physicians. Arch Intern Med (1998) 1.62
The scintigraphic definition of pulmonary embolism. JAMA (1974) 1.62
The impact of cost sharing on emergency department use. N Engl J Med (1985) 1.61
Measures of clinical efficacy. The value of case finding in hypertensive renovascular disease. N Engl J Med (1975) 1.59
Microparticulate-induced phlebitis. Its prevention by in-line filtration. N Engl J Med (1985) 1.52
Health status and the use of outpatient mental health services. Am Psychol (1984) 1.51
Predicting hospital accounting costs. Health Care Financ Rev (1989) 1.49
The prevalence of formal risk adjustment in health plan purchasing. Inquiry (2001) 1.49
Comparison of use of medications after acute myocardial infarction in the Veterans Health Administration and Medicare. Circulation (2001) 1.48
Sociodemographic factors and the use of outpatient mental health services. Med Care (1986) 1.47
Quality of ambulatory care after myocardial infarction among Medicare patients by type of insurance and region. Am J Med (2001) 1.45
Pitfalls in assessing the quality of care for patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Med (2001) 1.45
Risk contracts in managed mental health care. Health Aff (Millwood) (1995) 1.42
Trends in the use of drug therapies in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 1988 to 1992. J Am Coll Cardiol (1994) 1.41
Medicare: what's right? What's wrong? What's next? Health Aff (Millwood) (1999) 1.40
The relationship between medical resources and measures of health: some additional evidence. J Hum Resour (1980) 1.39
Risk adjustment of mental health and substance abuse payments. Inquiry (1998) 1.36
Comparison of CT and MR imaging in staging of neck metastases. Radiology (1998) 1.36
A diagnostic strategy using ventilation-perfusion studies in patients suspect for pulmonary embolism. J Nucl Med (1976) 1.34
Primary versus secondary ovarian malignancy: imaging findings of adnexal masses in the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group Study. Radiology (2001) 1.34
How well do Americans understand their health coverage? Health Aff (Millwood) (1993) 1.32
Reducing the number of uninsured by subsidizing employment-based health insurance. Results from a pilot study. JAMA (1992) 1.30
A model of the impact of reimbursement schemes on health plan choice. J Health Econ (1998) 1.30