Age and region-specific responses of microglia, but not astrocytes, suggest a role in selective vulnerability of dopamine neurons after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure in monkeys.

PubWeight™: 0.93‹?›

🔗 View Article (PMC 3388430)

Published in Glia on August 15, 2008

Authors

Nicholas M Kanaan1, Jeffrey H Kordower, Timothy J Collier

Author Affiliations

1: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Articles citing this

Ageing as a primary risk factor for Parkinson's disease: evidence from studies of non-human primates. Nat Rev Neurosci (2011) 1.45

Response of aged parkinsonian monkeys to in vivo gene transfer of GDNF. Neurobiol Dis (2009) 1.12

Pronounced microgliosis and neurodegeneration in aged rats after tau gene transfer. Neurobiol Aging (2009) 1.03

Evidence of angiogenic vessels in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) (2009) 1.03

Inflammation in Parkinson's disease: role of glucocorticoids. Front Neuroanat (2015) 0.95

Adenosine A2A receptor antagonism reverses inflammation-induced impairment of microglial process extension in a model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis (2014) 0.89

Regionally distinct responses of microglia and glial progenitor cells to whole brain irradiation in adult and aging rats. PLoS One (2012) 0.86

Evidence for angiogenesis in Parkinson's disease, incidental Lewy body disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) (2011) 0.86

A dual-hit animal model for age-related parkinsonism. Prog Neurobiol (2009) 0.85

Characterization of Early Pathological Tau Conformations and Phosphorylation in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol (2016) 0.85

Estrogen and P2 Purinergic Receptor Systems in Microglia: Therapeutic Targets for Neuroprotection. Open Drug Discov J (2010) 0.80

Interrogating the aged striatum: robust survival of grafted dopamine neurons in aging rats produces inferior behavioral recovery and evidence of impaired integration. Neurobiol Dis (2015) 0.78

Developmental neurotoxicity of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene with thyroxine deficit: Sensitivity of glia and dentate granule neurons in the absence of behavioral changes. Toxics (2014) 0.77

Contributions of Nonhuman Primates to Research on Aging. Vet Pathol (2016) 0.76

Microglial P2 Purinergic Receptor and Immunomodulatory Gene Transcripts Vary By Region, Sex, and Age in the Healthy Mouse CNS. Transcr Open Access (2015) 0.76

Repairing the Aged Parkinsonian Striatum: Lessons from the Lab and Clinic. J Clin Cell Immunol (2016) 0.75

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: Reconsidering the Role of Neuroinflammation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) (2010) 0.75

Repeated intra-nigrostriatal injection of phorbol myristate acetate induces microglial senescence in adult rats. Mol Med Rep (2015) 0.75

Aging Microglia-Phenotypes, Functions and Implications for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci (2017) 0.75

Synergistic effects of influenza and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can be eliminated by the use of influenza therapeutics: experimental evidence for the multi-hit hypothesis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis (2017) 0.75

Articles cited by this

Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain (1991) 8.16

GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Science (1993) 6.73

Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Glia (2005) 5.46

The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology--reconsidered. J Microsc (1999) 4.61

Immune function of microglia. Glia (2001) 4.59

Blockade of microglial activation is neuroprotective in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Neurosci (2002) 4.38

The substantia nigra of the human brain. II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease. Brain (1999) 4.25

Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus. J Comp Neurol (1990) 3.96

Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure. Ann Neurol (1999) 3.63

Reactive microgliosis. Prog Neurobiol (1999) 3.55

Minocycline prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2001) 2.95

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients. Neurosci Lett (1994) 2.27

Age-associated increases of alpha-synuclein in monkeys and humans are associated with nigrostriatal dopamine depletion: Is this the target for Parkinson's disease? Neurobiol Dis (2006) 2.23

Presence of reactive microglia in monkey substantia nigra years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine administration. Ann Neurol (2003) 2.14

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurosci (1999) 2.13

Neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol (2003) 2.10

Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Exp Mol Med (2006) 1.94

Inflammatory process in Parkinson's disease: role for cytokines. Curr Pharm Des (2005) 1.87

Microglial response is poorly correlated with neurodegeneration following chronic, low-dose MPTP administration in monkeys. Exp Neurol (2003) 1.80

Cellular pathology of Parkinson's disease: astrocytes, microglia and inflammation. Cell Tissue Res (2004) 1.76

Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett (1994) 1.73

Anatomy, pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of the substantia nigra, and differential cell death in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (1991) 1.69

Expression of the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR in neurological disease. Acta Neuropathol (1988) 1.65

Microglia. Metab Brain Dis (2004) 1.58

Distribution of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive microglia and cytokine profile of Parkinson's disease brains. Acta Neuropathol (2003) 1.57

Lipopolysaccharide intranigral injection induces inflammatory reaction and damage in nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. J Neurochem (1998) 1.52

Glial cells and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: a role in neurodegeneration? Ann Neurol (1998) 1.47

Microglia: phagocyte and glia cell. Int J Biochem Cell Biol (2005) 1.40

Age-related declines in nigral neuronal function correlate with motor impairments in rhesus monkeys. J Comp Neurol (1998) 1.39

Hemiparkinsonism in monkeys after unilateral internal carotid artery infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Life Sci (1986) 1.39

Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated human primary astrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med (2005) 1.36

Evidence of active microglia in substantia nigra pars compacta of parkinsonian monkeys 1 year after MPTP exposure. Glia (2004) 1.34

Age-related microglial activation in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in C57BL/6 mice. Brain Res (2003) 1.32

Glutathione peroxidase, glial cells and Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience (1993) 1.27

The absence of reactive astrocytosis is indicative of a unique inflammatory process in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience (2000) 1.27

Aging-related changes in the nigrostriatal dopamine system and the response to MPTP in nonhuman primates: diminished compensatory mechanisms as a prelude to parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis (2007) 1.26

Aging of the nigrostriatal system in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol (2004) 1.20

The microglial networks of the brain and their role in neuronal network plasticity after lesion. Brain Res Rev (2007) 1.19

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonian syndrome in Macaca fascicularis: which midbrain dopaminergic neurons are lost? Neuroscience (1988) 1.12

Age-related accumulation of Marinesco bodies and lipofuscin in rhesus monkey midbrain dopamine neurons: relevance to selective neuronal vulnerability. J Comp Neurol (2007) 1.11

Astrocytes and Parkinson's disease. Prog Brain Res (1992) 1.09

Overlesioned hemiparkinsonian non human primate model: correlation between clinical, neurochemical and histochemical changes. Front Biosci (2003) 1.09

Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism. Glia (1996) 1.09

Changes in somatodendritic but not terminal dopamine regulation in aged rhesus monkeys. J Neurochem (2002) 1.07

The degenerative effect of a single intranigral injection of LPS on the dopaminergic system is prevented by dexamethasone, and not mimicked by rh-TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma. J Neurochem (2002) 1.07

Caspase activities and tumor necrosis factor receptor R1 (p55) level are elevated in the substantia nigra from parkinsonian brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) (2000) 1.06

Striatal trophic factor activity in aging monkeys with unilateral MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Exp Neurol (2005) 1.06

Exaggerated astrocyte reactivity after nigrostriatal deafferentation in the aged rat. J Comp Neurol (1997) 1.03

Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNFalpha expression in human fetal astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol (2002) 1.02

Microglial response to 6-hydroxydopamine-induced substantia nigra lesions. Brain Res (1989) 1.01

Aging and the nigrostriatal dopamine system: a non-human primate study. Neurodegeneration (1994) 0.96

Astrocyte responses to dopaminergic denervations by 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine as evidenced by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. Brain Res Bull (1986) 0.93

Exogenous erythropoietin provides neuroprotection of grafted dopamine neurons in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res (2005) 0.91

Selective loss of subpopulations of ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in the monkey following exposure to MPTP. Brain Res (1987) 0.90

Systemic administration of the immunophilin ligand GPI 1046 in MPTP-treated monkeys. Exp Neurol (2001) 0.89

Intracarotid 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine administration: biochemical and behavioral observations in a primate model of hemiparkinsonism. J Neurochem (1990) 0.88

Hemiparkinsonism in a monkey after unilateral internal carotid artery infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is associated with regional ipsilateral changes in striatal dopamine D-2 receptor density. Brain Res (1986) 0.86

Glial gene expression during aging in rat striatum and in long-term responses to 6-OHDA lesions. Synapse (1999) 0.83

Differential regulation of astrocytic mRNAs in the rat striatum after lesions of the cortex or substantia nigra. Exp Neurol (1998) 0.82

Injury of nigral neurons exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: a tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemical study in monkey. Neuroscience (1986) 0.78

Articles by these authors

Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Nature (2011) 7.90

A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol (2003) 6.21

Issues in the reporting of epidemiological studies: a survey of recent practice. BMJ (2004) 4.69

Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol (2010) 3.84

Upregulation of choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampus and frontal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol (2002) 3.84

A phase 1 clinical trial of nerve growth factor gene therapy for Alzheimer disease. Nat Med (2005) 3.46

Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle. Nat Med (2010) 2.90

Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007) 2.43

Age-associated increases of alpha-synuclein in monkeys and humans are associated with nigrostriatal dopamine depletion: Is this the target for Parkinson's disease? Neurobiol Dis (2006) 2.23

Substantia nigra tangles are related to gait impairment in older persons. Ann Neurol (2006) 2.17

The role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease: insights from animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci (2003) 1.92

Alterations in lysosomal and proteasomal markers in Parkinson's disease: relationship to alpha-synuclein inclusions. Neurobiol Dis (2009) 1.90

Alpha-synuclein in colonic submucosa in early untreated Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord (2011) 1.87

Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson's disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Mov Disord (2012) 1.76

Behavioral and morphological comparison of two nonhuman primate models of Huntington's disease. Neurosurgery (2002) 1.54

Impact of dendritic spine preservation in medium spiny neurons on dopamine graft efficacy and the expression of dyskinesias in parkinsonian rats. Eur J Neurosci (2010) 1.51

Estrogen increases the number of spinophilin-immunoreactive spines in the hippocampus of young and aged female rhesus monkeys. J Comp Neurol (2003) 1.49

Estrogen replacement increases spinophilin-immunoreactive spine number in the prefrontal cortex of female rhesus monkeys. Cereb Cortex (2004) 1.48

Ageing as a primary risk factor for Parkinson's disease: evidence from studies of non-human primates. Nat Rev Neurosci (2011) 1.45

Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early Parkinson's disease. PLoS One (2011) 1.40

Bioactivity of AAV2-neurturin gene therapy (CERE-120): differences between Parkinson's disease and nonhuman primate brains. Mov Disord (2010) 1.39

Human neural stem cell transplants improve motor function in a rat model of Huntington's disease. J Comp Neurol (2004) 1.35

The win ratio: a new approach to the analysis of composite endpoints in clinical trials based on clinical priorities. Eur Heart J (2011) 1.34

Age-related decreases in Nurr1 immunoreactivity in the human substantia nigra. J Comp Neurol (2002) 1.32

Neurotrophic factor therapy for Parkinson's disease. Prog Brain Res (2010) 1.30

Nurr1 in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. J Comp Neurol (2006) 1.27

Aging-related changes in the nigrostriatal dopamine system and the response to MPTP in nonhuman primates: diminished compensatory mechanisms as a prelude to parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis (2007) 1.26

Differential vulnerability of neurons in Huntington's disease: the role of cell type-specific features. J Neurochem (2010) 1.25

Early changes in Huntington's disease patient brains involve alterations in cytoskeletal and synaptic elements. J Neurocytol (2004) 1.23

Alterations in axonal transport motor proteins in sporadic and experimental Parkinson's disease. Brain (2012) 1.22

Transfer of host-derived α synuclein to grafted dopaminergic neurons in rat. Neurobiol Dis (2011) 1.21

Regulation of cyclic AMP response element binding and hippocampal plasticity-related genes by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Cell Rep (2013) 1.19

Loss of basal forebrain P75(NTR) immunoreactivity in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol (2002) 1.19

AAV2-mediated delivery of human neurturin to the rat nigrostriatal system: long-term efficacy and tolerability of CERE-120 for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis (2007) 1.15

Differential transduction following basal ganglia administration of distinct pseudotyped AAV capsid serotypes in nonhuman primates. Mol Ther (2009) 1.14

Age-related accumulation of Marinesco bodies and lipofuscin in rhesus monkey midbrain dopamine neurons: relevance to selective neuronal vulnerability. J Comp Neurol (2007) 1.11

Lentivirally delivered glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increases the number of striatal dopaminergic neurons in primate models of nigrostriatal degeneration. J Neurosci (2002) 1.10

Striatal delivery of CERE-120, an AAV2 vector encoding human neurturin, enhances activity of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system in aged monkeys. Mov Disord (2007) 1.10

Proteasome inhibition and Parkinson's disease modeling. Ann Neurol (2006) 1.10

Expression, bioactivity, and safety 1 year after adeno-associated viral vector type 2-mediated delivery of neurturin to the monkey nigrostriatal system support cere-120 for Parkinson's disease. Neurosurgery (2009) 1.10

Chronic ischemic stroke model in cynomolgus monkeys: behavioral, neuroimaging and anatomical study. Neurol Res (2003) 1.09

Failure of proteasome inhibitor administration to provide a model of Parkinson's disease in rats and monkeys. Ann Neurol (2006) 1.08

Lewy body pathology in fetal grafts. Ann N Y Acad Sci (2010) 1.08

Striatal trophic factor activity in aging monkeys with unilateral MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Exp Neurol (2005) 1.06

Doublecortin expression in adult cat and primate cerebral cortex relates to immature neurons that develop into GABAergic subgroups. Exp Neurol (2008) 1.03

Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord (2010) 1.02

Properly scaled and targeted AAV2-NRTN (neurturin) to the substantia nigra is safe, effective and causes no weight loss: support for nigral targeting in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis (2011) 1.02

Trophic factors therapy in Parkinson's disease. Prog Brain Res (2009) 1.02

Transplantation of subventricular zone neural precursors induces an endogenous precursor cell response in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Comp Neurol (2009) 1.01

Focal not widespread grafts induce novel dyskinetic behavior in parkinsonian rats. Neurobiol Dis (2005) 1.01

Animal models of Huntington's disease. ILAR J (2007) 1.01

Prenatal 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) alters exploratory behavior, reduces monoamine metabolism, and increases forebrain tyrosine hydroxylase fiber density of juvenile rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol (2003) 0.99

Embryonic mesencephalic grafts increase levodopa-induced forelimb hyperkinesia in parkinsonian rats. Mov Disord (2003) 0.99

Dopaminergic transplantation for Parkinson's disease: current status and future prospects. Ann Neurol (2009) 0.98

Testing NF-κB-based therapy in hemiparkinsonian monkeys. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol (2012) 0.98

Subthalamic nucleus stimulation increases brain derived neurotrophic factor in the nigrostriatal system and primary motor cortex. J Parkinsons Dis (2011) 0.97

Viral delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor improves behavior and protects striatal neurons in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2006) 0.96

Role of heparin binding growth factors in nigrostriatal dopamine system development and Parkinson's disease. Brain Res (2007) 0.95

GFAP knockout mice have increased levels of GDNF that protect striatal neurons from metabolic and excitotoxic insults. J Comp Neurol (2003) 0.95

Doublecortin-expressing cells persist in the associative cerebral cortex and amygdala in aged nonhuman primates. Front Neuroanat (2009) 0.95

Transgene expression, bioactivity, and safety of CERE-120 (AAV2-neurturin) following delivery to the monkey striatum. Mol Ther (2008) 0.94

Structural and functional neuroprotection in a rat model of Huntington's disease by viral gene transfer of GDNF. Exp Neurol (2003) 0.94

Gene therapy for Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis (2011) 0.94

Future of cell and gene therapies for Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol (2008) 0.92

Galanin inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase expression in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Neurochem (2002) 0.91

Exogenous erythropoietin provides neuroprotection of grafted dopamine neurons in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res (2005) 0.91

Huntington's disease: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Cell Transplant (2007) 0.91

Cell transplantation and gene therapy in Parkinson's disease. Mt Sinai J Med (2011) 0.91

Primate models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol (2003) 0.91

Etiology of Parkinson's disease: Genetics and environment revisited. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2002) 0.91

Interference with anoikis-induced cell death of dopamine neurons: implications for augmenting embryonic graft survival in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Comp Neurol (2003) 0.90

Survival and early differentiation of human neural stem cells transplanted in a nonhuman primate model of stroke. J Neurosurg (2006) 0.89

β-Secretase-1 elevation in aged monkey and Alzheimer's disease human cerebral cortex occurs around the vasculature in partnership with multisystem axon terminal pathogenesis and β-amyloid accumulation. Eur J Neurosci (2010) 0.89

Neuropathology in transplants in Parkinson's disease: implications for disease pathogenesis and the future of cell therapy. Prog Brain Res (2012) 0.89

Intrastriatal CERE-120 (AAV-Neurturin) protects striatal and cortical neurons and delays motor deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis (2008) 0.89

Modeling Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol (2009) 0.88

Gene transfer of trophic factors and stem cell grafting as treatments for Parkinson's disease. Neurology (2006) 0.88

Striatal pleiotrophin overexpression provides functional and morphological neuroprotection in the 6-hydroxydopamine model. Mol Ther (2011) 0.88

Effect of levodopa priming on dopamine neuron transplant efficacy and induction of abnormal involuntary movements in parkinsonian rats. J Comp Neurol (2009) 0.87

Enduring cortical alterations after a single in-vivo treatment of HIV-1 Tat. Neuroreport (2012) 0.87

Extensive neuroprotection by choroid plexus transplants in excitotoxin lesioned monkeys. Neurobiol Dis (2006) 0.87

Decreased alpha-synuclein expression in the aging mouse substantia nigra. Exp Neurol (2009) 0.87

Age-related changes in glial cells of dopamine midbrain subregions in rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol Aging (2008) 0.86

Neural repair strategies for Parkinson's disease: insights from primate models. Cell Transplant (2006) 0.86

Excitotoxic and metabolic damage to the rodent striatum: role of the P75 neurotrophin receptor and glial progenitors. J Comp Neurol (2002) 0.86

Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease: what next? Mov Disord (2013) 0.86

Injectable hydrogels providing sustained delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor are neuroprotective in a rat model of Huntington's disease. Neurotox Res (2009) 0.85

Advances in thin tissue Golgi-Cox impregnation: fast, reliable methods for multi-assay analyses in rodent and non-human primate brain. J Neurosci Methods (2013) 0.85

Reassessment of caspase inhibition to augment grafted dopamine neuron survival. Cell Transplant (2004) 0.85

Angiogenic and neurotrophic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165): studies of grafted and cultured embryonic ventral mesencephalic cells. Exp Neurol (2003) 0.84

α-synuclein aggregation reduces nigral myocyte enhancer factor-2D in idiopathic and experimental Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis (2010) 0.84

Tricyclic antidepressants delay the need for dopaminergic therapy in early Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord (2012) 0.83

Neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease using viral vector-mediated delivery of GDNF. Prog Brain Res (2002) 0.83

Clinical pattern and risk factors for dyskinesias following fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease: a double blind video-based analysis. Mov Disord (2009) 0.83

Distribution of high affinity choline transporter immunoreactivity in the primate central nervous system. J Comp Neurol (2003) 0.83