Published in Immunity on April 01, 2002
IL-21 initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory T(H)17 cells. Nature (2007) 16.59
The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation. Immunity (2008) 10.55
IL-21 acts directly on B cells to regulate Bcl-6 expression and germinal center responses. J Exp Med (2010) 4.65
Synergy of IL-21 and IL-15 in regulating CD8+ T cell expansion and function. J Exp Med (2005) 4.60
IL-2 and IL-21 confer opposing differentiation programs to CD8+ T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Blood (2008) 3.52
NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8⁺ T cells. Nat Rev Immunol (2011) 3.38
The IL-21 receptor augments Th2 effector function and alternative macrophage activation. J Clin Invest (2006) 3.33
Cytokines and transcription factors that regulate T helper cell differentiation: new players and new insights. J Clin Immunol (2003) 2.93
The molecular basis of IL-21-mediated proliferation. Blood (2007) 2.90
In vivo survival and homeostatic proliferation of natural killer cells. J Exp Med (2003) 2.59
Interleukin (IL)-15R[alpha]-deficient natural killer cells survive in normal but not IL-15R[alpha]-deficient mice. J Exp Med (2003) 2.51
Development and characterization of IL-21-producing CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med (2008) 2.34
Interleukin 21 is a T helper (Th) cell 2 cytokine that specifically inhibits the differentiation of naive Th cells into interferon gamma-producing Th1 cells. J Exp Med (2002) 2.28
Th17 cells induce ectopic lymphoid follicles in central nervous system tissue inflammation. Immunity (2011) 2.11
Membrane-bound IL-21 promotes sustained ex vivo proliferation of human natural killer cells. PLoS One (2012) 2.09
Tissue-mediated control of immunopathology in coeliac disease. Nat Rev Immunol (2009) 1.91
IL-7 regulates basal homeostatic proliferation of antiviral CD4+T cell memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004) 1.79
IL-21 signaling is critical for the development of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008) 1.74
Interleukin-21 is required for the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes (2009) 1.53
Immunotherapy of cancer by IL-12-based cytokine combinations. Expert Opin Biol Ther (2007) 1.48
Interleukin 21: a cytokine/cytokine receptor system that has come of age. J Leukoc Biol (2008) 1.48
In-vitro derived germinal centre B cells differentially generate memory B or plasma cells in vivo. Nat Commun (2011) 1.41
Direct and immune-mediated cytotoxicity of interleukin-21 contributes to antitumor effects in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood (2015) 1.40
Loss-of-function mutations in the IL-21 receptor gene cause a primary immunodeficiency syndrome. J Exp Med (2013) 1.39
IL-21-induced Bepsilon cell apoptosis mediated by natural killer T cells suppresses IgE responses. J Exp Med (2006) 1.36
Sequential activation of NKT cells and NK cells provides effective innate immunotherapy of cancer. J Exp Med (2005) 1.35
In vivo kinetics of human natural killer cells: the effects of ageing and acute and chronic viral infection. Immunology (2007) 1.35
IL-21 limits peripheral lymphocyte numbers through T cell homeostatic mechanisms. PLoS One (2008) 1.28
Altered IL-7Ralpha expression with aging and the potential implications of IL-7 therapy on CD8+ T-cell immune responses. Blood (2005) 1.28
Critical role for IL-21 in both primary and memory anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol (2010) 1.27
Intrinsic IL-21 signaling is critical for CD8 T cell survival and memory formation in response to vaccinia viral infection. J Immunol (2011) 1.26
IL-21R is essential for epicutaneous sensitization and allergic skin inflammation in humans and mice. J Clin Invest (2008) 1.17
Interleukin-21: a multifunctional regulator of immunity to infections. Microbes Infect (2010) 1.17
Regulation of mouse NK cell development and function by cytokines. Front Immunol (2013) 1.14
The proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21 modulate the repertoire of mature human natural killer cell receptors. Arthritis Res Ther (2007) 1.13
Homeostatic maintenance of T cells and natural killer cells. Cell Mol Life Sci (2012) 1.13
Interleukin-21 is critically required in autoimmune and allogeneic responses to islet tissue in murine models. Diabetes (2011) 1.11
Role of common-gamma chain cytokines in NK cell development and function: perspectives for immunotherapy. J Biomed Biotechnol (2011) 1.09
IL-21 promotes the pathologic immune response to pneumovirus infection. J Immunol (2012) 1.06
Gamma c-signaling cytokines induce a regulatory T cell phenotype in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol (2008) 1.05
Pathophysiology of celiac disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am (2012) 1.05
The role of natural killer cells in tumor control--effectors and regulators of adaptive immunity. Springer Semin Immunopathol (2005) 1.04
New drugs targeting Th2 lymphocytes in asthma. J Occup Med Toxicol (2008) 1.03
Interleukin-21 activates human natural killer cells and modulates their surface receptor expression. Immunology (2007) 1.03
IL-21 receptor is required for the systemic accumulation of activated B and T lymphocytes in MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr/lpr)/J mice. J Immunol (2012) 1.02
Combined IL-21 and low-dose IL-2 therapy induces anti-tumor immunity and long-term curative effects in a murine melanoma tumor model. J Transl Med (2006) 1.02
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mutations underlying autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome impair human CD8(+) T-cell memory formation and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2013) 1.01
IL-21 promotes the expansion of CD27+ CD28+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with high cytotoxic potential and low collateral expansion of regulatory T cells. J Transl Med (2013) 1.00
Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. J Immunol (2006) 1.00
IL-21 contributes to JAK3/STAT3 activation and promotes cell growth in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol (2009) 1.00
IL-2- and IL-15-induced activation of the rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 pathway in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes. Blood (2007) 0.97
Interleukin-21 receptor gene induction in human T cells is mediated by T-cell receptor-induced Sp1 activity. Mol Cell Biol (2005) 0.96
Cloning and characterization of deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) cytokine and chemokine cDNAs. BMC Immunol (2004) 0.95
Dissociation of its opposing immunologic effects is critical for the optimization of antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses induced by interleukin 21. Clin Cancer Res (2008) 0.94
Key role for IL-21 in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2011) 0.94
Impaired NK-mediated regulation of T-cell activity in multiple sclerosis is reconstituted by IL-2 receptor modulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2016) 0.92
The future of glioblastoma therapy: synergism of standard of care and immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) (2014) 0.91
Interleukin-15-deficient mice develop protective immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun (2004) 0.91
Interleukin (IL)-21-independent pathogen-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion, and IL-21-dependent suppression of CD4+ T-cell IL-17 production. Immunology (2010) 0.90
Anticancer Cytokines: Biology and Clinical Effects of Interferon-α2, Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, IL-21, and IL-12. Semin Oncol (2015) 0.89
The cellular source and target of IL-21 in K/BxN autoimmune arthritis. J Immunol (2013) 0.89
Interleukin-21 is a T-helper cytokine that regulates humoral immunity and cell-mediated anti-tumour responses. Immunology (2004) 0.88
IL-21 promotes lupus-like disease in chronic graft-versus-host disease through both CD4 T cell- and B cell-intrinsic mechanisms. J Immunol (2012) 0.86
Interleukin-21 induces the differentiation of human umbilical cord blood CD34-lineage- cells into pseudomature lytic NK cells. BMC Immunol (2009) 0.85
Immune therapies for neuroblastoma. Cancer Biol Ther (2009) 0.85
A high-efficiency system of natural killer cell cloning. J Immunol Methods (2005) 0.84
IL-21 Signaling in Immunity. F1000Res (2016) 0.84
IL-21: a pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology. J Immunol Res (2015) 0.83
Interleukin 21 up-regulates perforin-mediated cytotoxic activity of human intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Immunology (2009) 0.81
Cytokines as Adjuvants for Vaccine and Cellular Therapies for Cancer. Am J Immunol (2009) 0.81
Interleukin-21 receptor signalling is important for innate immune protection against HSV-2 infections. PLoS One (2013) 0.81
Comparison of vascular leak syndrome in mice treated with IL21 or IL2. Comp Med (2013) 0.80
IL-21 acts as a promising therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus by regulating plasma cell differentiation. Cell Mol Immunol (2014) 0.79
IL-21 receptor signalling partially mediates Th2-mediated allergic airway responses. Clin Exp Allergy (2014) 0.79
Combined immunodeficiency with CD4 lymphopenia and sclerosing cholangitis caused by a novel loss-of-function mutation affecting IL21R. Haematologica (2015) 0.79
Contribution of enhanced engagement of antigen presentation machinery to the clinical immunogenicity of a human interleukin (IL)-21 receptor-blocking therapeutic antibody. Clin Exp Immunol (2015) 0.79
Highly efficient IL-21 and feeder cell-driven ex vivo expansion of human NK cells with therapeutic activity in a xenograft mouse model of melanoma. Oncoimmunology (2016) 0.78
Extending the lifespan and efficacies of immune cells used in adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapies-A review. Oncoimmunology (2015) 0.78
Antigen-specific human NKT cells from tuberculosis patients produce IL-21 to help B cells for the production of immunoglobulins. Oncotarget (2015) 0.78
Combining TGF-β1 knockdown and miR200c administration to optimize antitumor efficacy of B16F10/GPI-IL-21 vaccine. Oncotarget (2015) 0.78
IL-21 Enhances Natural Killer Cell Response to Cetuximab-Coated Pancreatic Tumor Cells. Clin Cancer Res (2016) 0.77
Endogenous IL-21 regulates pathogenic mucosal CD4 T-cell responses during enhanced RSV disease in mice. Mucosal Immunol (2012) 0.77
Mucosal interleukin-21 mRNA expression level is high in patients with Helicobacter pylori and is associated with the severity of gastritis. Cent Eur J Immunol (2015) 0.76
Addition of interleukin-21 for expansion of T-cells for adoptive immunotherapy of murine melanoma. Int J Mol Sci (2015) 0.76
Shaping of Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Activity by Ex Vivo Cultivation. Front Immunol (2017) 0.76
Expansion of T Cells with Interleukin-21 for Adoptive Immunotherapy of Murine Mammary Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci (2017) 0.75
Observational study of Interleukin-21 (IL-21) does not distinguish Kawasaki disease from other causes of fever in children. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J (2017) 0.75
GVHD prevents NK-cell-dependent leukemia and virus-specific innate immunity. Blood (2016) 0.75
Activation of the FcgammaReceptorIIIa on human natural killer cells leads to increased expression of functional interleukin-21 receptor. Oncoimmunology (2017) 0.75
IL-21 is required for CD4 memory formation in response to viral infection. JCI Insight (2017) 0.75
A Two-Phase Expansion Protocol Combining Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21 Improves Natural Killer Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity against Rhabdomyosarcoma. Front Immunol (2017) 0.75
IL-21 is increased in peripheral blood of emphysema mice and promotes Th1/Tc1 cell generation in vitro. Inflammation (2014) 0.75
Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides. J Exp Med (2006) 13.74
CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells: gene expression analysis reveals a functional role for the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor. Immunity (2002) 8.28
Essential role of NKT cells producing IL-4 and IL-13 in the development of allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. Nat Med (2003) 6.42
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science (2011) 6.19
IL-22 is required for Th17 cell-mediated pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation. J Clin Invest (2008) 4.12
PD-1:PD-L inhibitory pathway affects both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and is overcome by IL-2. Eur J Immunol (2002) 3.78
The B7 family of ligands and its receptors: new pathways for costimulation and inhibition of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol (2001) 3.41
The IL-21 receptor augments Th2 effector function and alternative macrophage activation. J Clin Invest (2006) 3.33
Engagement of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor on effector T cells by its ligand mediates resistance to suppression by CD4+CD25+ T cells. J Immunol (2004) 3.15
CD4+ T cells mediate abscess formation in intra-abdominal sepsis by an IL-17-dependent mechanism. J Immunol (2003) 2.79
PD-1 inhibits T-cell receptor induced phosphorylation of the ZAP70/CD3zeta signalosome and downstream signaling to PKCtheta. FEBS Lett (2004) 2.77
Regulation and function of the interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 during a T helper cell type 2-dominant immune response. J Exp Med (2003) 2.71
IL-21 has a pathogenic role in a lupus-prone mouse model and its blockade with IL-21R.Fc reduces disease progression. J Immunol (2007) 2.71
Abrogation of Ref1 retrovirus restriction in human cells. J Virol (2002) 2.60
Enhanced interleukin (IL)-13 responses in mice lacking IL-13 receptor alpha 2. J Exp Med (2003) 2.54
An IL-17F/A heterodimer protein is produced by mouse Th17 cells and induces airway neutrophil recruitment. J Immunol (2007) 2.46
PDLIM2-mediated termination of transcription factor NF-kappaB activation by intranuclear sequestration and degradation of the p65 subunit. Nat Immunol (2007) 2.45
Development and characterization of IL-21-producing CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med (2008) 2.34
Interleukin 21 is a T helper (Th) cell 2 cytokine that specifically inhibits the differentiation of naive Th cells into interferon gamma-producing Th1 cells. J Exp Med (2002) 2.28
Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Clin J Oncol Nurs (2007) 2.17
A sensory neuronal ion channel essential for airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2009) 2.16
Blockade of the interleukin-21/interleukin-21 receptor pathway ameliorates disease in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (2007) 2.10
Identification of an interleukin 17F/17A heterodimer in activated human CD4+ T cells. J Biol Chem (2007) 2.06
KSHV vFLIP binds to IKK-gamma to activate IKK. J Cell Sci (2003) 2.04
Program death-1 engagement upon TCR activation has distinct effects on costimulation and cytokine-driven proliferation: attenuation of ICOS, IL-4, and IL-21, but not CD28, IL-7, and IL-15 responses. J Immunol (2003) 1.93
IL-21 inhibits IFN-gamma production in developing Th1 cells through the repression of Eomesodermin expression. J Immunol (2006) 1.86
The human IL-17F/IL-17A heterodimeric cytokine signals through the IL-17RA/IL-17RC receptor complex. J Immunol (2008) 1.82
Duplication of primate and rodent B7-H3 immunoglobulin V- and C-like domains: divergent history of functional redundancy and exon loss. Genomics (2003) 1.81
IL-13 receptor alpha 2 down-modulates granulomatous inflammation and prolongs host survival in schistosomiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003) 1.80
Th17 cytokines and their emerging roles in inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunol Rev (2008) 1.75
IL-21 induces the apoptosis of resting and activated primary B cells. J Immunol (2003) 1.67
Role of group V phospholipase A2 in zymosan-induced eicosanoid generation and vascular permeability revealed by targeted gene disruption. J Biol Chem (2004) 1.66
SLIM is a nuclear ubiquitin E3 ligase that negatively regulates STAT signaling. Immunity (2005) 1.64
IL-13 blockade reduces lung inflammation after Ascaris suum challenge in cynomolgus monkeys. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2007) 1.63
IL-4 and IL-12 regulate proteoglycan-induced arthritis through Stat-dependent mechanisms. J Immunol (2002) 1.61
Continuous high-titer HIV-1 vector production. Nat Biotechnol (2003) 1.58
Activation of antigen-presenting cells by microbial products breaks self tolerance and induces autoimmune disease. J Clin Invest (2004) 1.57
Temporal associations between interleukin 22 and the extracellular domains of IL-22R and IL-10R2. Int Immunopharmacol (2004) 1.56
Biology of IL-21 and the IL-21 receptor. Immunol Rev (2004) 1.56
IL-21 activates both innate and adaptive immunity to generate potent antitumor responses that require perforin but are independent of IFN-gamma. J Immunol (2003) 1.55
Interleukin-21 is required for the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes (2009) 1.53
Redundant and pathogenic roles for IL-22 in mycobacterial, protozoan, and helminth infections. J Immunol (2010) 1.53
PD-1/PD-L1, but not PD-1/PD-L2, interactions regulate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol (2006) 1.52
Inter-regulation of Th17 cytokines and the IL-36 cytokines in vitro and in vivo: implications in psoriasis pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol (2011) 1.51
The role of IL-13 in established allergic airway disease. J Immunol (2002) 1.48
Crystal structure of a vFlip-IKKgamma complex: insights into viral activation of the IKK signalosome. Mol Cell (2008) 1.46
NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2005) 1.45
HIV-1 lentiviral vector immunogenicity is mediated by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7. J Virol (2010) 1.44
IL-22 induces an acute-phase response. J Immunol (2010) 1.40
Use of an objective tool to assess platelet inhibition prior to off-pump coronary surgery to reduce blood usage. J Invasive Cardiol (2012) 1.40
c-Maf activates the promoter and enhancer of the IL-21 gene, and TGF-beta inhibits c-Maf-induced IL-21 production in CD4+ T cells. J Leukoc Biol (2009) 1.38
Zinc finger protein ZBTB20 is a key repressor of alpha-fetoprotein gene transcription in liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008) 1.38
PDLIM2 suppresses human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax-mediated tumorigenesis by targeting Tax into the nuclear matrix for proteasomal degradation. Blood (2009) 1.36
Intraepithelial NK cell-derived IL-13 induces intestinal pathology associated with nematode infection. J Immunol (2005) 1.34
Interleukin-4-mediated protection of primary B cells from apoptosis through Stat6-dependent up-regulation of Bcl-xL. J Biol Chem (2002) 1.34
Nurse case management improves blood pressure, emotional distress and diabetes complication screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2005) 1.30
PD-L1 co-stimulation contributes to ligand-induced T cell receptor down-modulation on CD8+ T cells. EMBO Mol Med (2011) 1.27
DAP12 signaling directly augments proproliferative cytokine stimulation of NK cells during viral infections. J Immunol (2006) 1.26
Specific T regulatory cells display broad suppressive functions against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis upon activation with cognate antigen. J Immunol (2005) 1.26
Unmasking immunosurveillance against a syngeneic colon cancer by elimination of CD4+ NKT regulatory cells and IL-13. Int J Cancer (2005) 1.25