Published in N Engl J Med on March 24, 1994
Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Clin Invest (2007) 5.55
Cholinergic stimulation blocks endothelial cell activation and leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. J Exp Med (2005) 3.01
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a pharmacological target for inflammation. Br J Pharmacol (2007) 2.82
Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008) 2.58
Dopamine mediates vagal modulation of the immune system by electroacupuncture. Nat Med (2014) 2.45
Neuroendocrine nicotinic receptor activation increases susceptibility to bacterial infections by suppressing antimicrobial peptide production. Cell Host Microbe (2010) 2.39
Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Gut (2005) 2.20
Cholinergic control of inflammation. J Intern Med (2009) 2.12
Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut (2002) 1.96
Carbon monoxide ameliorates chronic murine colitis through a heme oxygenase 1-dependent pathway. J Exp Med (2005) 1.90
Do smokers self-administer pure nicotine? A review of the evidence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2004) 1.68
Transdermal nicotine-induced tobacco abstinence symptom suppression: nicotine dose and smokers' gender. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol (2006) 1.59
Nicotine accelerates angiogenesis and wound healing in genetically diabetic mice. Am J Pathol (2002) 1.54
Chronic intestinal inflammation: inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated colon cancer. Front Immunol (2012) 1.44
Nicotine delivery, cardiovascular profile, and subjective effects of an oral tobacco product for smokers. Nicotine Tob Res (2008) 1.36
α7-cholinergic receptor mediates vagal induction of splenic norepinephrine. J Immunol (2011) 1.25
Alpha7 cholinergic-agonist prevents systemic inflammation and improves survival during resuscitation. J Cell Mol Med (2008) 1.22
Role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease: implications for therapy. Postgrad Med J (2000) 1.20
Primary sclerosing cholangitis: updates in diagnosis and therapy. World J Gastroenterol (2005) 1.16
Smoking in inflammatory bowel diseases: good, bad or ugly? World J Gastroenterol (2007) 1.15
Current medical therapy for ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol (1999) 1.13
The inflammatory reflex and the role of complementary and alternative medical therapies. Ann N Y Acad Sci (2009) 1.13
Nicotine exposure alters in vivo human responses to endotoxin. Clin Exp Immunol (2007) 1.11
New treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol (1998) 1.09
Evaluating oral noncombustible potential-reduced exposure products for smokers. Nicotine Tob Res (2010) 1.08
Measures for assessing subjective effects of potential reduced-exposure products. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2009) 1.05
Oral nicotine in treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci (1999) 1.05
β2-Adrenoreceptors of regulatory lymphocytes are essential for vagal neuromodulation of the innate immune system. FASEB J (2011) 1.03
Cholinergic regulatory lymphocytes re-establish neuromodulation of innate immune responses in sepsis. J Immunol (2011) 1.02
Selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists worsen disease in experimental colitis. Br J Pharmacol (2010) 1.02
Dysregulation of human beta-defensin-2 protein in inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One (2009) 1.01
Cytokine-induced alterations of α7 nicotinic receptor in colonic CD4 T cells mediate dichotomous response to nicotine in murine models of Th1/Th17- versus Th2-mediated colitis. J Immunol (2011) 1.01
Cholinergic agonists regulate JAK2/STAT3 signaling to suppress endothelial cell activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2009) 1.00
Inflammatory bowel disease: definition, epidemiology, etiologic aspects, and immunogenetic studies. World J Gastroenterol (1998) 0.98
Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med (2011) 0.96
Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Mediators Inflamm (1997) 0.91
Fat meets the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Exp Med (2005) 0.90
Smoking and nicotine in inflammatory bowel disease: good or bad for cytokines? Mediators Inflamm (1998) 0.90
Ulcerative colitis in smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers. World J Gastroenterol (2011) 0.89
Exploitation of the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway for the treatment of epithelial inflammatory diseases. World J Gastroenterol (2006) 0.89
Nicotine treatment for ulcerative colitis. Br J Clin Pharmacol (1999) 0.87
IL-37b gene transfer enhances the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchumal stromal cells in DSS-induced colitis mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin (2015) 0.87
Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Clin Colon Rectal Surg (2004) 0.86
Anti-allergic role of cholinergic neuronal pathway via α7 nicotinic ACh receptors on mucosal mast cells in a murine food allergy model. PLoS One (2014) 0.84
Colonic mucus, smoking and ulcerative colitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl (1996) 0.83
A pilot study to examine the effects of smoking cessation on serum markers of inflammation in women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Chest (2009) 0.82
Ulcerative colitis: current treatment strategies and future prospects. Therap Adv Gastroenterol (2009) 0.81
Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) (2015) 0.81
Anti-inflammatory effects of the nicotinergic peptides SLURP-1 and SLURP-2 on human intestinal epithelial cells and immunocytes. Biomed Res Int (2014) 0.81
Novel insights on the effect of nicotine in a murine colitis model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2012) 0.81
{alpha}7-nAChR-mediated suppression of hyperexcitability of colonic dorsal root ganglia neurons in experimental colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (2010) 0.80
An oral formulation of nicotine for release and absorption in the colon: its development and pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol (1999) 0.79
Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide regulate intestinal homeostasis and mucosal immune responses to the enteric microbiota. Gut Microbes (2013) 0.78
The role of cigarettes and nicotine in the onset and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Postgrad Med J (1996) 0.77
Nicotine enemas for active Crohn's colitis: an open pilot study. Gastroenterol Res Pract (2008) 0.77
Smoking, disease activity, permanent damage and dsDNA autoantibody production in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int (2013) 0.77
Effects of sulfasalazine on biopsy mucosal pathologies and histological grading of patients with active ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol (2005) 0.77
Growth of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis in culture is enhanced by nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and α and β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Dig Dis Sci (2010) 0.77
Seeking approval: present and future therapies for pemphigus vulgaris. Curr Opin Investig Drugs (2008) 0.77
Clinical and histological characterization of oral pemphigus lesions in patients with skin diseases: a cross sectional study from Sudan. BMC Oral Health (2013) 0.77
Nicotine suppresses hyperexcitability of colonic sensory neurons and visceral hypersensivity in mouse model of colonic inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (2012) 0.76
Nicotine for colitis--the smoke has not yet cleared. N Engl J Med (1994) 0.76
Nicotine Inhibits Clostridium difficile Toxin A-Induced Colitis but Not Ileitis in Rats. Int J Inflam (2016) 0.75
Hooked on the nicotine addiction thesis: a response to DiFranza. Harm Reduct J (2013) 0.75
What is the effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation on osteoarthritis in a rodent animal model? SAGE Open Med (2016) 0.75
Expression of Beclin1 in the colonic mucosa tissues of patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Clin Exp Med (2015) 0.75
The puzzling inflammatory bowel disease: growing interest for mediators of inflammation. Mediators Inflamm (1997) 0.75
Pneumo-Renal Syndrome in Anti- Neutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitis. Maedica (Buchar) (2015) 0.75
Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J (1979) 24.07
Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers. Am J Public Health (1987) 8.59
Antibodies to CD3/T-cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic cultures. Nature (1989) 6.70
Characterization of an immediate-early gene induced in adherent monocytes that encodes I kappa B-like activity. Cell (1991) 6.49
Absorption by non-smokers of carbon monoxide from room air polluted by tobacco smoke. Lancet (1973) 5.52
Changes in cigarette price and consumption by men in Britain, 1946-71: a preliminary analysis. Br J Prev Soc Med (1973) 5.35
Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres. Nature (1990) 5.26
A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cotinine and nicotine in biological fluids. J Pharm Pharmacol (1990) 4.84
Expired air carbon monoxide: a simple breath test of tobacco smoke intake. Br Med J (1980) 4.82
Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentrations in smokers. Br Med J (1980) 4.76
Transcription cell type specificity is conferred by an immunoglobulin VH gene promoter that includes a functional consensus sequence. Cell (1985) 4.38
Non-smoking: a feature of ulcerative colitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1982) 4.08
Cigarette dependence: II. Doctor's role in management. Br Med J (1971) 3.99
Biochemical markers of smoke absorption and self reported exposure to passive smoking. J Epidemiol Community Health (1984) 3.95
Comparison of the effector functions of human immunoglobulins using a matched set of chimeric antibodies. J Exp Med (1987) 3.82
GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer. Oncogene (2008) 3.79
Improved gas chromatographic method and micro-extraction technique for the measurement of nicotine in biological fluids. J Pharm Pharmacol (1979) 3.72
Realistic goals for smoking and health. A case for safer smoking. Lancet (1974) 3.68
Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2000) 3.68
Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioner's advice against smoking. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1983) 3.64
Activation of Epstein-Barr virus latent genes protects human B cells from death by apoptosis. Nature (1991) 3.61
Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: a new approach to safer smoking. Br Med J (1976) 3.55
Death due to bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: report of 2 patients. JAMA (2001) 3.55
An oral preparation to release drugs in the human colon. Br J Clin Pharmacol (1982) 3.49
Incidence of Crohn's disease in Cardiff between 1934-1977. Gut (1979) 3.35
Observer variation in histopathological diagnosis and grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BMJ (1989) 3.34
Smoking in Britain: strategy for future emancipation. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs (1971) 3.06
Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative. J Clin Pathol (1997) 2.98
Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain (1999) 2.94
Randomised controlled trial of nicotine chewing-gum. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1982) 2.92
Targeting heavy smokers in general practice: randomised controlled trial of transdermal nicotine patches. BMJ (1993) 2.91
Double-blind trials. Br J Psychiatry (1990) 2.88
Hyperresponsive B cells in CD22-deficient mice. Science (1996) 2.86
Increased reflux of bile into the stomach in patients with gastric ulcer. Gastroenterology (1969) 2.86
Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and middle ear effusion in 7 year old children. BMJ (1989) 2.81
Plasma nicotine levels after smoking cigarettes with high, medium, and low nicotine yields. Br Med J (1975) 2.80
Clinical use of nicotine chewing-gum. Br Med J (1980) 2.79
Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst (2000) 2.77
Gastrointestinal manifestations of type 1 neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease). Histopathology (1991) 2.75
Dose effects and predictors of outcome in a randomized trial of transdermal nicotine patches in general practice. Addiction (1995) 2.71
Cigarette smoking: natural history of a dependence disorder. Br J Med Psychol (1971) 2.71
Myelopoiesis in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Blood (2001) 2.67
Natural history of patients with x-ray-negative dyspepsia in general practice. Br Med J (1972) 2.67
Comparison of effect on tobacco consumption and carbon monoxide absorption of changing to high and low nicotine cigarettes. Br Med J (1973) 2.65
A hapten-specific chimaeric IgE antibody with human physiological effector function. Nature (1985) 2.63
Elimination of cotinine from body fluids: implications for noninvasive measurement of tobacco smoke exposure. Am J Public Health (1988) 2.63
Breakfast and dietary aspects of Crohn's disease. Br Med J (1978) 2.57
Passive exposure to tobacco smoke: saliva cotinine concentrations in a representative population sample of non-smoking schoolchildren. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1985) 2.51
Fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology (2001) 2.46
Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial. Collaborative European Anti-Smoking Evaluation. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J (1999) 2.44
Microscopic activity in ulcerative colitis: what does it mean? Gut (1991) 2.43
Assay of nicotine in biological materials: sources of contamination and their elimination. J Pharm Pharmacol (1980) 2.43
Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication compared with proton-pump inhibitors for treatment of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux. Br J Surg (2005) 2.42
Colorectal cancer pathology reporting: a regional audit. J Clin Pathol (1997) 2.41
Effect of nicotine chewing gum on smoking behaviour and as an aid to cigarette withdrawal. Br Med J (1976) 2.41
Preoperative assessment of prognostic factors in rectal cancer using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg (2003) 2.40
Cigarette smoking: a dependence on high-nicotine boli. Drug Metab Rev (1978) 2.36
Four country healthcare associated infection prevalence survey 2006: overview of the results. J Hosp Infect (2008) 2.35
Dietary fish oil reduces O6-methylguanine DNA adduct levels in rat colon in part by increasing apoptosis during tumor initiation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2000) 2.33
Saliva cotinine as an indicator of cigarette smoking in adolescents. Br J Addict (1987) 2.33
Maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis with oral preparation of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1982) 2.32
Blood carboxyhaemoglobin, plasma thiocyanate, and cigarette consumption: implications for epidemiological studies in smokers. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1982) 2.32
Plasma nicotine levels after cigarette smoking and chewing nicotine gum. Br Med J (1976) 2.31
Huntington's Chorea in South Wales. A genetic and epidemiological study. Clin Genet (1981) 2.31
DNA replication licensing and human cell proliferation. J Cell Sci (2001) 2.30
Carboxyhaemoglobin and plasma thiocyanate: complementary indicators of smoking behaviour? Thorax (1982) 2.30
Rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of cotinine in biological fluids. Analyst (1980) 2.29
Apoptosis: molecular regulation of cell death. Eur J Biochem (1996) 2.29
Neurological disorders and adult coeliac disease. Gut (1970) 2.29
Children's exposure to passive smoking in England since the 1980s: cotinine evidence from population surveys. BMJ (2000) 2.28
Demonstration of somatic mutation and colonic crypt clonality by X-linked enzyme histochemistry. Nature (1988) 2.28
Thickness of adherent mucus gel on colonic mucosa in humans and its relevance to colitis. Gut (1994) 2.28
Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet (1986) 2.24
Controlled randomised crossover trial of the effects of physiotherapy on mobility in chronic multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (2001) 2.23
Inactive urokinase and increased levels of its inhibitor type 1 in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Gastroenterology (1994) 2.22
Design of an epidemiologic study of drinking water arsenic exposure and skin and bladder cancer risk in a U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect (1998) 2.22
Disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of chronic proctitis. Gut (1975) 2.21
What determines levels of passive smoking in children with asthma? Thorax (1997) 2.20
Determinants of passive smoking in children in Edinburgh, Scotland. Am J Public Health (1992) 2.17
Two transcriptional activators, CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor and heat shock transcription factor, interact with a human hsp70 gene promoter. Mol Cell Biol (1987) 2.17
Nicotine yield from machine-smoked cigarettes and nicotine intakes in smokers: evidence from a representative population survey. J Natl Cancer Inst (2001) 2.16