Published in Nature on February 19, 1998
RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev (2001) 26.16
Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes Dev (2001) 21.82
MicroRNAs in plants. Genes Dev (2002) 20.12
miRNPs: a novel class of ribonucleoproteins containing numerous microRNAs. Genes Dev (2002) 19.24
WormBase: network access to the genome and biology of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Res (2001) 18.52
Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev (2003) 17.64
siRNAs can function as miRNAs. Genes Dev (2003) 16.08
Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet (2009) 13.88
Long noncoding RNAs with enhancer-like function in human cells. Cell (2010) 13.00
Functional anatomy of siRNAs for mediating efficient RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster embryo lysate. EMBO J (2001) 12.88
Knocking down barriers: advances in siRNA delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2009) 12.46
Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes Dev (2005) 12.15
A role for the RNase III enzyme DCR-1 in RNA interference and germ line development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science (2001) 11.86
Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Science (2013) 10.75
Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells. Genes Dev (2002) 10.71
Evidence of RNAi in humans from systemically administered siRNA via targeted nanoparticles. Nature (2010) 10.09
Distinct roles for Argonaute proteins in small RNA-directed RNA cleavage pathways. Genes Dev (2004) 9.32
Use of double-stranded RNA interference in Drosophila cell lines to dissect signal transduction pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2000) 9.02
Effectiveness of specific RNA-mediated interference through ingested double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genome Biol (2000) 9.01
Small RNAs as guardians of the genome. Cell (2009) 8.88
Dicer, Drosha, and outcomes in patients with ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med (2008) 8.77
RNAi-mediated targeting of heterochromatin by the RITS complex. Science (2004) 8.73
MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs can inhibit mRNA expression by similar mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003) 8.73
A DNA vector-based RNAi technology to suppress gene expression in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2002) 8.57
Two classes of short interfering RNA in RNA silencing. EMBO J (2002) 8.54
Targeted mRNA degradation by double-stranded RNA in vitro. Genes Dev (1999) 8.21
Differential chromatin marking of introns and expressed exons by H3K36me3. Nat Genet (2009) 8.11
Sequence-specific inhibition of small RNA function. PLoS Biol (2004) 7.98
Structural basis for overhang-specific small interfering RNA recognition by the PAZ domain. Nature (2004) 7.63
A rapid, reversible, and tunable method to regulate protein function in living cells using synthetic small molecules. Cell (2006) 7.07
p53 activation by knockdown technologies. PLoS Genet (2007) 6.85
A novel class of evolutionarily conserved genes defined by piwi are essential for stem cell self-renewal. Genes Dev (1998) 6.74
Fragile X-related protein and VIG associate with the RNA interference machinery. Genes Dev (2002) 6.43
Translation repression in human cells by microRNA-induced gene silencing requires RCK/p54. PLoS Biol (2006) 6.41
MicroRNA-373 induces expression of genes with complementary promoter sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008) 6.38
Retracted Viral pathogenicity determinants are suppressors of transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. EMBO J (1998) 6.28
Identification of microRNAs and other small regulatory RNAs using cDNA library sequencing. Methods (2008) 6.22
A Drosophila fragile X protein interacts with components of RNAi and ribosomal proteins. Genes Dev (2002) 6.10
Small RNAs in transcriptional gene silencing and genome defence. Nature (2009) 5.98
Positional effects of short interfering RNAs targeting the human coagulation trigger Tissue Factor. Nucleic Acids Res (2002) 5.93
Toward improving Caenorhabditis elegans phenome mapping with an ORFeome-based RNAi library. Genome Res (2004) 5.81
Structure of an argonaute silencing complex with a seed-containing guide DNA and target RNA duplex. Nature (2008) 5.78
Caenorhabditis elegans Akt/PKB transduces insulin receptor-like signals from AGE-1 PI3 kinase to the DAF-16 transcription factor. Genes Dev (1998) 5.77
Recognition of 5' triphosphate by RIG-I helicase requires short blunt double-stranded RNA as contained in panhandle of negative-strand virus. Immunity (2009) 5.70
Guidelines for the selection of highly effective siRNA sequences for mammalian and chick RNA interference. Nucleic Acids Res (2004) 5.46
MicroRNAs in body fluids--the mix of hormones and biomarkers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol (2011) 5.46
Transcriptional silencing and promoter methylation triggered by double-stranded RNA. EMBO J (2000) 5.41
Fertile hypomorphic ARGONAUTE (ago1) mutants impaired in post-transcriptional gene silencing and virus resistance. Plant Cell (2002) 5.39
Specific and heritable genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2000) 5.30
Double-stranded RNA induces mRNA degradation in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1998) 5.28
Endogenous RNA interference provides a somatic defense against Drosophila transposons. Curr Biol (2008) 5.22
Genome-wide RNAi of C. elegans using the hypersensitive rrf-3 strain reveals novel gene functions. PLoS Biol (2003) 5.07
AGO1, QDE-2, and RDE-1 are related proteins required for post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants, quelling in fungi, and RNA interference in animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2000) 5.03
Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2006) 4.90
SDE3 encodes an RNA helicase required for post-transcriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis. EMBO J (2001) 4.89
Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1998) 4.83
Receptor-mediated endocytosis in the Caenorhabditis elegans oocyte. Mol Biol Cell (1999) 4.79
Ribonuclease activity and RNA binding of recombinant human Dicer. EMBO J (2002) 4.73
RNA as a target of double-stranded RNA-mediated genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1998) 4.63
A human, ATP-independent, RISC assembly machine fueled by pre-miRNA. Genes Dev (2005) 4.55
Artificial miRNAs mitigate shRNA-mediated toxicity in the brain: implications for the therapeutic development of RNAi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008) 4.53
Factors affecting reproducibility between genome-scale siRNA-based screens. J Biomol Screen (2010) 4.47
MicroRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev Pathol (2009) 4.47
Identification of genes needed for regeneration, stem cell function, and tissue homeostasis by systematic gene perturbation in planaria. Dev Cell (2005) 4.35
On the road to reading the RNA-interference code. Nature (2009) 4.33
Small RNAs and their roles in plant development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol (2009) 4.32
Lipid-like materials for low-dose, in vivo gene silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010) 4.25
Cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand during RISC assembly in human cells. EMBO Rep (2006) 4.15
Transcription and RNA interference in the formation of heterochromatin. Nature (2007) 4.08
Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypic variation in plant polyploids. Annu Rev Plant Biol (2007) 4.07
Transitivity-dependent and -independent cell-to-cell movement of RNA silencing. EMBO J (2003) 4.01
Analysis of cell-based RNAi screens. Genome Biol (2006) 3.99
Cytoplasmic dynein is required for distinct aspects of MTOC positioning, including centrosome separation, in the one cell stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. J Cell Biol (1999) 3.97
Tolerance for mutations and chemical modifications in a siRNA. Nucleic Acids Res (2003) 3.85
Interferon antagonist proteins of influenza and vaccinia viruses are suppressors of RNA silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004) 3.85
Spreading of RNA targeting and DNA methylation in RNA silencing requires transcription of the target gene and a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Plant Cell (2002) 3.73
Retracted Probing the microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways with virus-encoded suppressors of RNA silencing. Plant Cell (2004) 3.71
RNA therapeutics: beyond RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2012) 3.70
RNA-DNA interactions and DNA methylation in post-transcriptional gene silencing. Plant Cell (1999) 3.70
Cytokinesis and midzone microtubule organization in Caenorhabditis elegans require the kinesin-like protein ZEN-4. Mol Biol Cell (1998) 3.69
Animal virus replication and RNAi-mediated antiviral silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature (2005) 3.63
Biochemical identification of Argonaute 2 as the sole protein required for RNA-induced silencing complex activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004) 3.63
Double-stranded RNA specifically disrupts gene expression during planarian regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 3.61
Natural and experimental infection of Caenorhabditis nematodes by novel viruses related to nodaviruses. PLoS Biol (2011) 3.58
CYK-4: A Rho family gtpase activating protein (GAP) required for central spindle formation and cytokinesis. J Cell Biol (2000) 3.55
RNA interference machinery regulates chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2002) 3.52
piRNAs can trigger a multigenerational epigenetic memory in the germline of C. elegans. Cell (2012) 3.49
RNA interference of influenza virus production by directly targeting mRNA for degradation and indirectly inhibiting all viral RNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003) 3.48
piRNAs initiate an epigenetic memory of nonself RNA in the C. elegans germline. Cell (2012) 3.48
Intersection of the RNA interference and X-inactivation pathways. Science (2008) 3.43
RNA interference in the clinic: challenges and future directions. Nat Rev Cancer (2010) 3.43
Reverse genetics in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: targeted disruption of the Defensin gene. EMBO Rep (2002) 3.43
Potent and specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by RNA interference. J Virol (2002) 3.42
Antisense transcripts with FANTOM2 clone set and their implications for gene regulation. Genome Res (2003) 3.40
Structural variations and stabilising modifications of synthetic siRNAs in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res (2003) 3.39
Piwi and piRNAs act upstream of an endogenous siRNA pathway to suppress Tc3 transposon mobility in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Mol Cell (2008) 3.37
Recognition of small interfering RNA by a viral suppressor of RNA silencing. Nature (2003) 3.36
A mutation in the Arabidopsis HYL1 gene encoding a dsRNA binding protein affects responses to abscisic acid, auxin, and cytokinin. Plant Cell (2000) 3.33
Lifespan extension induced by AMPK and calcineurin is mediated by CRTC-1 and CREB. Nature (2011) 3.32
Hidden layers of human small RNAs. BMC Genomics (2008) 3.31
Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C. elegans developmental timing. Cell (2001) 25.86
The rde-1 gene, RNA interference, and transposon silencing in C. elegans. Cell (1999) 13.48
Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science (1996) 8.29
Distinct requirements for somatic and germline expression of a generally expressed Caernorhabditis elegans gene. Genetics (1997) 6.08
Functional anatomy of a dsRNA trigger: differential requirement for the two trigger strands in RNA interference. Mol Cell (2000) 5.18
Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2001) 4.75
RNA as a target of double-stranded RNA-mediated genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1998) 4.63
Wnt signaling and an APC-related gene specify endoderm in early C. elegans embryos. Cell (1997) 4.61
Neuraxial block, death and serious cardiovascular morbidity in the POISE trial. Br J Anaesth (2013) 4.60
RNAi in C. elegans: soaking in the genome sequence. Science (1998) 4.39
Genetic requirements for inheritance of RNAi in C. elegans. Science (2000) 4.04
Optical gain and stimulated emission in nanocrystal quantum dots. Science (2000) 3.20
Neutralization profiles of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in the context of coreceptor usage. J Virol (1998) 2.83
Identification of a novel, dendritic cell-associated molecule, dectin-1, by subtractive cDNA cloning. J Biol Chem (2000) 2.83
WRM-1 activates the LIT-1 protein kinase to transduce anterior/posterior polarity signals in C. elegans. Cell (1999) 2.69
Repression of gene expression in the embryonic germ lineage of C. elegans. Nature (1996) 2.51
SCH-C (SCH 351125), an orally bioavailable, small molecule antagonist of the chemokine receptor CCR5, is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2001) 2.49
Age-related CNS disorder and early death in transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins. Neuron (1995) 2.45
New insights into the control of MAP kinase pathways. Exp Cell Res (1999) 2.39
par-6, a gene involved in the establishment of asymmetry in early C. elegans embryos, mediates the asymmetric localization of PAR-3. Development (1996) 2.31
Receptors for polytropic and xenotropic mouse leukaemia viruses encoded by a single gene at Rmc1. Nat Genet (1999) 2.28
A penalized maximum likelihood method for estimating epistatic effects of QTL. Heredity (Edinb) (2005) 2.28
Bayesian mapping of quantitative trait loci for complex binary traits. Genetics (2000) 2.23
Isolation of MEK5 and differential expression of alternatively spliced forms. J Biol Chem (1995) 2.23
Containment of Helicobacter hepaticus by use of husbandry practices. Comp Med (2000) 2.14
MEX-3 is a KH domain protein that regulates blastomere identity in early C. elegans embryos. Cell (1996) 2.08
HTLV-I Tax protein binds to MEKK1 to stimulate IkappaB kinase activity and NF-kappaB activation. Cell (1998) 2.07
Reconstitution of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation cascades in bacteria. Efficient synthesis of active protein kinases. J Biol Chem (1997) 2.03
Role of NADPH oxidase in the vascular hypertrophic and oxidative stress response to angiotensin II in mice. Circ Res (2001) 2.02
Actions of Rho family small G proteins and p21-activated protein kinases on mitogen-activated protein kinase family members. Mol Cell Biol (1996) 2.00
The RING finger/B-box factor TAM-1 and a retinoblastoma-like protein LIN-35 modulate context-dependent gene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev (1999) 1.97
Bayesian mapping of quantitative trait loci under complicated mating designs. Genetics (2001) 1.96
The maternal gene skn-1 encodes a protein that is distributed unequally in early C. elegans embryos. Cell (1993) 1.90
NIK is a new Ste20-related kinase that binds NCK and MEKK1 and activates the SAPK/JNK cascade via a conserved regulatory domain. EMBO J (1997) 1.84
pos-1 encodes a cytoplasmic zinc-finger protein essential for germline specification in C. elegans. Development (1999) 1.80
Murine SR-BI, a high density lipoprotein receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake, is N-glycosylated and fatty acylated and colocalizes with plasma membrane caveolae. J Biol Chem (1997) 1.80
Leber congenital amaurosis caused by a homozygous mutation (R90W) in the homeodomain of the retinal transcription factor CRX: direct evidence for the involvement of CRX in the development of photoreceptor function. Hum Mol Genet (1999) 1.80
Two hot spot mutant p53 mouse models display differential gain of function in tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ (2013) 1.77
The leucine zipper of NRL interacts with the CRX homeodomain. A possible mechanism of transcriptional synergy in rhodopsin regulation. J Biol Chem (2000) 1.76
Multipoint mapping of viability and segregation distorting loci using molecular markers. Genetics (2000) 1.76
Intracellular trafficking and the parasitophorous vacuole of Leishmania mexicana-infected macrophages. J Cell Sci (1992) 1.75
Neutrophil granule proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from subjects with subclinical emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (1999) 1.69
MAP kinase- and Rho-dependent signals interact to regulate gene expression but not actin morphology in cardiac muscle cells. EMBO J (1997) 1.66
Immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 induced by canarypox expressing HIV-1MN gp120, HIV-1SF2 recombinant gp120, or both vaccines in seronegative adults. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group. J Infect Dis (1998) 1.64
A comment on the simple regression method for interval mapping. Genetics (1995) 1.61
Dexamethasone synergizes with lenalidomide to inhibit multiple myeloma tumor growth, but reduces lenalidomide-induced immunomodulation of T and NK cell function. Curr Cancer Drug Targets (2010) 1.60
Expression of clock genes Per1 and Bmal1 in total leukocytes in health and Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol (2009) 1.58
Neutralization of a clade B primary isolate by sera from human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected recipients of candidate AIDS vaccines. J Infect Dis (1997) 1.57
MOM-4, a MAP kinase kinase kinase-related protein, activates WRM-1/LIT-1 kinase to transduce anterior/posterior polarity signals in C. elegans. Mol Cell (1999) 1.56
Cataracts among Chernobyl clean-up workers: implications regarding permissible eye exposures. Radiat Res (2007) 1.56
Mutations of the KISS1 gene in disorders of puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2010) 1.54
Calcium ionophore-treated peripheral blood monocytes and dendritic cells rapidly display characteristics of activated dendritic cells. J Immunol (1997) 1.53
Effects of risedronate on bone marrow adipocytes in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int (2010) 1.51
A cluster of four novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes occurring in close proximity to CD22 gene on chromosome 19q13.1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1997) 1.50
Bayesian mapping of quantitative trait loci under the identity-by-descent-based variance component model. Genetics (2000) 1.49
Two-color GFP expression system for C. elegans. Biotechniques (1999) 1.47
Neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates by polyclonal and monoclonal human antibodies. Int Immunol (1997) 1.46
Human neutrophil lipocalin is a unique marker of neutrophil inflammation in ulcerative colitis and proctitis. Gut (2002) 1.45
Negative words on surgical wards result in therapeutic failure of patient-controlled analgesia and further release of cortisol after abdominal surgeries. Minerva Anestesiol (2008) 1.41
Mapping quantitative trait loci for ordered categorical traits in four-way crosses. Heredity (Edinb) (1998) 1.40
The clinical study of repairing cauda equina fibres with fibrin glue after lumbar fracture and dislocation. Spinal Cord (2010) 1.39
Fuzzy control system design via fuzzy Lyapunov functions. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern (2008) 1.38
Long-term follow-up of Stargardt's disease and fundus flavimaculatus. Ophthalmology (1998) 1.37
Combining different line crosses for mapping quantitative trait loci using the identical by descent-based variance component method. Genetics (1998) 1.33
Nanofabrication of self-assembled monolayers using scanning probe lithography. Acc Chem Res (2000) 1.32
Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (1995) 1.31
Isolation of Helicobacter cinaedi from the colon, liver, and mesenteric lymph node of a rhesus monkey with chronic colitis and hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol (2001) 1.31
Scavenger receptor BI--a cell surface receptor for high density lipoprotein. Curr Opin Lipidol (1997) 1.30
par-2, a gene required for blastomere asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans, encodes zinc-finger and ATP-binding motifs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 1.29
Genetic identification, sequence, and alternative splicing of the Caenorhabditis elegans alpha 2(IV) collagen gene. J Cell Biol (1993) 1.29
VEGI, a novel cytokine of the tumor necrosis factor family, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses the growth of colon carcinomas in vivo. FASEB J (1999) 1.29
A quantitative genetics model for viability selection. Heredity (Edinb) (2005) 1.29
Clinical observation of Danhong Injection (herbal TCM product from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae and Flos Carthami tinctorii) in the treatment of traumatic intracranial hematoma. Phytomedicine (2009) 1.28
MEKK1 binds raf-1 and the ERK2 cascade components. J Biol Chem (2000) 1.25
Novel Helicobacter species isolated from rhesus monkeys with chronic idiopathic colitis. J Med Microbiol (2001) 1.24
Antidepressant-like and anorectic effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM251 in mice. Behav Pharmacol (2003) 1.24
Mapping viability loci using molecular markers. Heredity (Edinb) (2003) 1.21
Extensive nuclear localization of alpha-synuclein in normal rat brain neurons revealed by a novel monoclonal antibody. Neuroscience (2007) 1.21
Transit time, trailing time, and cerebral blood flow during brain activation: measurement using multislice, pulsed spin-labeling perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med (2000) 1.21
Characterization of elongation factor-1A (eEF1A-1) and eEF1A-2/S1 protein expression in normal and wasted mice. J Biol Chem (2001) 1.21
Induction of neutralizing antibodies to T-cell line-adapted and primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates with a prime-boost vaccine regimen in chimpanzees. J Virol (1998) 1.21
Mapping quantitative trait loci in tetraploid populations. Genet Res (2000) 1.21
Mapping quantitative trait loci for complex binary traits in outbred populations. Heredity (Edinb) (1999) 1.19
Pharmacogenetics of modafinil after sleep loss: catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype modulates waking functions but not recovery sleep. Clin Pharmacol Ther (2008) 1.17
Genetic analysis of type 5 capsular polysaccharide expression by Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol (1994) 1.16
Using the expectation or the distribution of the identity by descent for mapping quantitative trait loci under the random model. Am J Hum Genet (1996) 1.14
Fumarate reductase is essential for Helicobacter pylori colonization of the mouse stomach. Microb Pathog (2000) 1.14
JWA regulates melanoma metastasis by integrin alphaVbeta3 signaling. Oncogene (2009) 1.14
Caenorhabditis elegans twist plays an essential role in non-striated muscle development. Development (2000) 1.13
Genetic control of the rate of wound healing in mice. Heredity (Edinb) (2001) 1.13
MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2: pleiotropic enzymes in a ubiquitous signaling network. Adv Cancer Res (1994) 1.12
Identification of a fibronectin-binding protein (GfbA) in pathogenic group G streptococci. Infect Immun (1996) 1.10
Binding of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and discoidal reconstituted HDL to the HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type I. Effect of lipid association and APOA-I mutations on receptor binding. J Biol Chem (2000) 1.10
Critical role of arachidonic acid-activated mTOR signaling in breast carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. Oncogene (2012) 1.09
Gelatin: a valuable protein for food and pharmaceutical industries: review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2001) 1.09
A silent event-related functional MRI technique for brain activation studies without interference of scanner acoustic noise. Magn Reson Med (2000) 1.09
An inductive interaction in 4-cell stage C. elegans embryos involves APX-1 expression in the signalling cell. Development (1996) 1.08