Supracrystallographic resolution of interactions contributing to enzyme catalysis by use of natural structural variants and reactivity-probe kinetics.

Structure-function relationships in the cysteine proteinases actinidin, papain and papaya proteinase omega. Three-dimensional structure of papaya proteinase omega deduced by knowledge-based modelling and active-centre characteristics determined by two-hydronic-state reactivity probe kinetics and kinetics of catalysis. Biochem J (1991) 1.08

Structural and immunological characteristics of a 28-kilodalton cruzipain-like cysteine protease of Paragonimus westermani expressed in the definitive host stage. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol (2000) 1.05

Identification of signalling and non-signalling binding contributions to enzyme reactivity. Alternative combinations of binding interactions provide for change in transition-state geometry in reactions of papain. Biochem J (1989) 1.04

A polyclonal antibody preparation with Michaelian catalytic properties. Biochem J (1991) 1.03

Ionization characteristics of the Cys-25/His-159 interactive system and of the modulatory group of papain: resolution of ambiguity by electronic perturbation of the quasi-2-mercaptopyridine leaving group in a new pyrimidyl disulphide reactivity probe. Biochem J (1993) 1.01

Appendix: Analysis of pH-dependent kinetics in up to four reactive hydronic states. Biochem J (1988) 0.98

Clarification of the pH-dependent kinetic behaviour of papain by using reactivity probes and analysis of alkylation and catalysed acylation reactions in terms of multihydronic state models: implications for electrostatics calculations and interpretation of the consequences of site-specific mutations such as Asp-158-Asn and Asp-158-Glu. Biochem J (1993) 0.97

The interplay of electrostatic fields and binding interactions determining catalytic-site reactivity in actinidin. A possible origin of differences in the behaviour of actinidin and papain. Biochem J (1989) 0.92

Variation in aspects of cysteine proteinase catalytic mechanism deduced by spectroscopic observation of dithioester intermediates, kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Biochem J (2001) 0.91

A re-appraisal of the structural basis of stereochemical recognition in papain. Insensitivity of binding-site-catalytic-site signalling to P2-chirality in a time-dependent inhibition. Biochem J (1990) 0.90

Variation in the pH-dependent pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetic characteristics of cysteine-proteinase mechanism: evidence for electrostatic modulation of catalytic-site function by the neighbouring carboxylate anion. Biochem J (2003) 0.90

The interplay of electrostatic and binding interactions determining active centre chemistry and catalytic activity in actinidin and papain. Biochem J (1989) 0.90

Evaluation of hydrogen-bonding and enantiomeric P2-S2 hydrophobic contacts in dynamic aspects of molecular recognition by papain. Biochem J (1992) 0.89

Dependence of the P2-S2 stereochemical selectivity of papain on the nature of the catalytic-site chemistry. Quantification of selectivity in the catalysed hydrolysis of the enantiomeric N-acetylphenylalanylglycine 4-nitroanilides. Biochem J (1990) 0.85

Variation in the P2-S2 stereochemical selectivity towards the enantiomeric N-acetylphenylalanylglycine 4-nitroanilides among the cysteine proteinases papain, ficin and actinidin. Biochem J (1992) 0.84

Catalytic-site characteristics of the porcine calpain II 80 kDa/18 kDa heterodimer revealed by selective reaction of its essential thiol group with two-hydronic-state time-dependent inhibitors: evidence for a catalytic site Cys/His interactive system and an ionizing modulatory group. Biochem J (1993) 0.84

Structure of chymopapain M the late-eluted chymopapain deduced by comparative modelling techniques and active-centre characteristics determined by pH-dependent kinetics of catalysis and reactions with time-dependent inhibitors: the Cys-25/His-159 ion-pair is insufficient for catalytic competence in both chymopapain M and papain. Biochem J (1994) 0.83

Denaturation studies of active-site labeled papain using electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Biophys J (1991) 0.80

Temperature-dependences of the kinetics of reactions of papain and actinidin with a series of reactivity probes differing in key molecular recognition features. Biochem J (2006) 0.75

Protein thiolation and reversible protein-protein conjugation. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, a new heterobifunctional reagent. Biochem J (1978) 5.40

Calculations of electrostatic interactions in biological systems and in solutions. Q Rev Biophys (1984) 5.18

Knowledge based modelling of homologous proteins, Part I: Three-dimensional frameworks derived from the simultaneous superposition of multiple structures. Protein Eng (1989) 3.79

Redesigning trypsin: alteration of substrate specificity. Science (1985) 3.70

Reactions of papain and of low-molecular-weight thiols with some aromatic disulphides. 2,2'-Dipyridyl disulphide as a convenient active-site titrant for papain even in the presence of other thiols. Biochem J (1973) 3.33

Mapping the active site of papain with the aid of peptide substrates and inhibitors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1970) 3.29

A reporter group delivery system with both absolute and selective specificity for thiol groups and an improved fluorescent probe containing the 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole moiety. Biochem J (1975) 3.17

Thiol proteases. Comparative studies based on the high-resolution structures of papain and actinidin, and on amino acid sequence information for cathepsins B and H, and stem bromelain. J Mol Biol (1985) 3.09

Tinkering with enzymes: what are we learning? Science (1987) 2.37

Characterization of the papain active centre by using two-protonic-state electrophiles as reactivity probes. Evidence for nucleophilic reactivity in the un-interrupted cysteine-25-histidine-159 interactive system. Biochem J (1978) 2.21

A necessary modification to the preparation of papain from any high-quality latex of Carica papaya and evidence for the structural integrity of the enzyme produced by traditional methods. Biochem J (1979) 2.20

Simple alkanethiol groups for temporary blocking of sulfhydryl groups of enzymes. Biochemistry (1975) 1.95

Differences in the interaction of the catalytic groups of the active centres of actinidin and papain. Rapid purification of fully active actinidin by covalent chromatography and characterization of its active centre by use of two-protonic-state reactivity probes. Biochem J (1981) 1.60

Kinetic specificity in papain-catalysed hydrolyses. Biochem J (1971) 1.60

Designing substrate specificity by protein engineering of electrostatic interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1987) 1.58

Knowledge based modelling of homologous proteins, Part II: Rules for the conformations of substituted sidechains. Protein Eng (1989) 1.58

18th Sir Hans Krebs lecture. Knowledge-based protein modelling and design. Eur J Biochem (1988) 1.56

Probing steric and hydrophobic effects on enzyme-substrate interactions by protein engineering. Science (1986) 1.37

Differences in the chemical and catalytic characteristics of two crystallographically 'identical' enzyme catalytic sites. Characterization of actinidin and papain by a combination of pH-dependent substrate catalysis kinetics and reactivity probe studies targeted on the catalytic-site thiol group and its immediate microenvironment. Biochem J (1987) 1.30

Preparation of cathepsins B and H by covalent chromatography and characterization of their catalytic sites by reaction with a thiol-specific two-protonic-state reactivity probe. Kinetic study of cathepsins B and H extending into alkaline media and a rapid spectroscopic titration of cathepsin H at pH 3-4. Biochem J (1985) 1.26

A general framework of cysteine-proteinase mechanism deduced from studies on enzymes with structurally different analogous catalytic-site residues Asp-158 and -161 (papain and actinidin), Gly-196 (cathepsin B) and Asn-165 (cathepsin H). Kinetic studies up to pH 8 of the hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide catalysed by cathepsin B and of L-arginine 2-naphthylamide catalysed by cathepsin H. Biochem J (1985) 1.23

Consequences of molecular recognition in the S1-S2 intersubsite region of papain for catalytic-site chemistry. Change in pH-dependence characteristics and generation of an inverse solvent kinetic isotope effect by introduction of a P1-P2 amide bond into a two-protonic-state reactivity probe. Biochem J (1988) 1.22

Electrostatic effects on modification of charged groups in the active site cleft of subtilisin by protein engineering. J Mol Biol (1987) 1.20

Effects of conformational selectivity and of overlapping kinetically influential ionizations on the characteristics of pH-dependent enzyme kinetics. Implications of free-enzyme pKa variability in reactions of papain for its catalytic mechanism. Biochem J (1983) 1.19

Natural structural variation in enzymes as a tool in the study of mechanism exemplified by a comparison of the catalytic-site structure and characteristics of cathepsin B and papain. pH-dependent kinetics of the reactions of cathepsin B from bovine spleen and from rat liver with a thiol-specific two-protonic-state probe (2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide) and with a specific synthetic substrate (N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide). Biochem J (1984) 1.19

Substrate-derived two-protonic-state electrophiles as sensitive kinetic specificity probes for cysteine proteinases. Activation of 2-pyridyl disulphides by hydrogen-bonding. Biochem J (1987) 1.17

Investigation of the catalytic site of actinidin by using benzofuroxan as a reactivity probe with selectivity for the thiolate-imidazolium ion-pair systems of cysteine proteinases. Evidence that the reaction of the ion-pair of actinidin (pKI 3.0, pKII 9.6) is modulated by the state of ionization of a group associated with a molecular pKa of 5.5. Biochem J (1983) 1.11

Protein engineering. Protein Eng (1989) 1.05

Toward computer-aided site-directed mutagenesis of enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1986) 1.03

Kinetics of papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of -N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide. Biochemistry (1973) 1.00

Appendix: Analysis of pH-dependent kinetics in up to four reactive hydronic states. Biochem J (1988) 0.98

Chromophoric and fluorophoric peptide substrates cleaved through the dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity of cathepsin B. Anal Biochem (1987) 0.98

Protein engineering. The design, synthesis and characterization of factitious proteins. Biochem J (1987) 0.96

Chemical evidence for the pH-dependent control of ion-pair geometry in cathepsin B. Benzofuroxan as a reactivity probe sensitive to differences in the mutual disposition of the thiolate and imidazolium components of cysteine proteinase catalytic sites. Biochem J (1986) 0.90

Two-dimensional 1H NMR studies of cytochrome c. Biochemistry (1985) 0.88

The evolution of papain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1970) 0.79

Two-dimensional 1H-NMR studies of the solution structure of plasminogen kringle 4. Eur J Biochem (1988) 0.78

Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science (2001) 27.08

Safety and effectiveness of nurse telephone consultation in out of hours primary care: randomised controlled trial. The South Wiltshire Out of Hours Project (SWOOP) Group. BMJ (1998) 10.82

Ordered rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region segments. EMBO J (1984) 6.67

Organization and reorganization of immunoglobulin genes in A-MULV-transformed cells: rearrangement of heavy but not light chain genes. Cell (1981) 6.31

Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study. BMJ (1998) 5.27

Insertion of N regions into heavy-chain genes is correlated with expression of terminal deoxytransferase in B cells. Nature (1984) 4.18

ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain. EMBO J (1995) 3.93

Distinct physiological states of Plasmodium falciparum in malaria-infected patients. Nature (2007) 3.69

Bone-marrow transplantation (first of two parts). N Engl J Med (1975) 3.33

Type I IFNs enhance the terminal differentiation of dendritic cells. J Immunol (1998) 3.19

Immunoglobulin heavy-chain expression and class switching in a murine leukaemia cell line. Nature (1982) 3.05

Appropriateness of use of emergency ambulances. J Accid Emerg Med (1998) 3.02

A novel coumarin-labelled peptide for sensitive continuous assays of the matrix metalloproteinases. FEBS Lett (1992) 2.88

Prevalence and predictive factors for regional osteopenia in women with anorexia nervosa. Ann Intern Med (2000) 2.80

A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of local corticosteroid injection and physiotherapy for the treatment of new episodes of unilateral shoulder pain in primary care. Ann Rheum Dis (2003) 2.78

Randomised comparison of olsalazine and mesalazine in prevention of relapses in ulcerative colitis. Lancet (1992) 2.63

Occupational risk factors for shoulder pain: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med (2000) 2.40

Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess disabling foot pain. Pain (2000) 2.34

Overnight calls in primary care: randomised controlled trial of management using nurse telephone consultation. BMJ (1999) 2.32

Osteomalacia in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (1980) 2.21

Influence of previous pain experience on the episode incidence of low back pain: results from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Pain (1996) 2.17

Sensitive assays for trypsin, elastase, and chymotrypsin using new fluorogenic substrates. Anal Biochem (1977) 2.12

The illness perceptions associated with health and behavioural outcomes in people with musculoskeletal hand problems: findings from the North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP). Rheumatology (Oxford) (2007) 2.12

Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Pain (2001) 2.06

Do routine antibiotics after loop diathermy excision reduce morbidity? Br J Obstet Gynaecol (1998) 2.05

Psychosocial factors in the workplace--do they predict new episodes of low back pain? Evidence from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) (1997) 2.01

Psychologic distress and low back pain. Evidence from a prospective study in the general population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) (1995) 1.98

What is the solution to proximal migration of the Amsterdam type biliary endoprosthesis? Gastrointest Endosc (1988) 1.92

EEG-based neonatal seizure detection with Support Vector Machines. Clin Neurophysiol (2010) 1.88

The role of the C-terminal domain in collagenase and stromelysin specificity. J Biol Chem (1992) 1.85

Association of primary sclerosing cholangitis with HLA-B8. Gut (1983) 1.79

Mortality among UK Gulf War veterans. Lancet (2000) 1.75

A comparison of three types of tracheal tube for use in laryngeal mask assisted blind orotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia (1994) 1.71

The grading of hallux valgus. The Manchester Scale. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc (2001) 1.70

Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from saliva. J Clin Microbiol (1993) 1.70

A new fluorogenic substrate for chymotrypsin. Anal Biochem (1976) 1.68

Cobalt toxicity after McKee hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br (1975) 1.68

Prediction of future metastasis and molecular characterization of head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma based on transcriptome and genome analysis by microarrays. Oncogene (2008) 1.63

'Do not resuscitate' decisions. A prospective study at three teaching hospitals. Arch Intern Med (1985) 1.58

Employment and physical work activities as predictors of future low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) (1997) 1.57

Ultra-low dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia with intrathecal bupivacaine 3.75 mg for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obstet Anesth (2006) 1.56

Trisomy 15 with loss of the paternal 15 as a cause of Prader-Willi syndrome due to maternal disomy. Am J Hum Genet (1992) 1.50

Strong constraints on the rare decays B(s)(0) → μ+ μ- and B0 → μ+ μ-. Phys Rev Lett (2012) 1.50

First observation of the decays B(0) → D(+)K(-)π(+)π(-) and B(-) → D(0)K(-)π(+)π(-). Phys Rev Lett (2012) 1.50

Symptoms and radiographic osteoarthritis: not as discordant as they are made out to be? Ann Rheum Dis (2006) 1.49

The C-terminal domain of 72 kDa gelatinase A is not required for catalysis, but is essential for membrane activation and modulates interactions with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Biochem J (1992) 1.49

Subhepatic appendix with fecalith mimicking acute cholecystitis with gallstone. J Clin Ultrasound (1996) 1.49

Trypsinogen activation peptides assay in the early prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis. Lancet (1990) 1.49

Recurrent intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia developing from a pyogenic granuloma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol (2001) 1.46

Expression of the human EGF receptor with ligand-stimulatable kinase activity in insect cells using a baculovirus vector. EMBO J (1988) 1.46

Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Canada 2009-10: results from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP). J Antimicrob Chemother (2012) 1.45

Performance assessment for EEG-based neonatal seizure detectors. Clin Neurophysiol (2010) 1.45

Determination of the X(3872) meson quantum numbers. Phys Rev Lett (2013) 1.42

Comparison of two oral electrolyte solutions for the treatment of dehydrated calves with experimentally-induced diarrhoea. Vet J (2001) 1.42

Cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption, sand worm. Arch Dis Child (2005) 1.39

Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity. Ann N Y Acad Sci (1994) 1.39

Proportion positive for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, Toxoplasma, and human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag. Arch Pathol Lab Med (2000) 1.39

Diminutive polyps found on flexible sigmoidoscopy. Management and follow-up. Postgrad Med (1992) 1.39

ANO1 amplification and expression in HNSCC with a high propensity for future distant metastasis and its functions in HNSCC cell lines. Br J Cancer (2010) 1.38

Lignocaine 0.5% for spinal anaesthesia in gynaecological day surgery. Anaesthesia (1994) 1.38

A newly developed PCR assay of H. pylori in gastric biopsy, saliva, and feces. Evidence of high prevalence of H. pylori in saliva supports oral transmission. Dig Dis Sci (1996) 1.36

A re-evaluation of the nomenclature of the cysteine proteinases of Carica papaya and a rational basis for their identification. Biochem J (1983) 1.35

Predictors of early improvement in low back pain amongst consulters to general practice: the influence of pre-morbid and episode-related factors. Pain (1999) 1.34

Assessment of the role of the fibronectin-like domain of gelatinase A by analysis of a deletion mutant. J Biol Chem (1994) 1.34

Time to move towards opt-out testing for HIV in the UK. BMJ (2007) 1.33

Does isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis matter? Osteoarthritis Cartilage (2009) 1.33

CD40 ligand/trimer DNA enhances both humoral and cellular immune responses and induces protective immunity to infectious and tumor challenge. J Immunol (1998) 1.32

Clinical classification criteria for knee osteoarthritis: performance in the general population and primary care. Ann Rheum Dis (2006) 1.32

Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloendopeptidases. Methods Enzymol (1995) 1.30

Differences in the chemical and catalytic characteristics of two crystallographically 'identical' enzyme catalytic sites. Characterization of actinidin and papain by a combination of pH-dependent substrate catalysis kinetics and reactivity probe studies targeted on the catalytic-site thiol group and its immediate microenvironment. Biochem J (1987) 1.30

Phylogenetic evaluation of Kenyan HIV type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses (1997) 1.29

Unmasking a killer: DNA O(6)-methylguanine and the cytotoxicity of methylating agents. Mutat Res (2000) 1.29

Association between amputation, arthritis and osteopenia in British male war veterans with major lower limb amputations. Clin Rehabil (1998) 1.28

The natural history of chronic pain in the community: a better prognosis than in the clinic? J Rheumatol (1996) 1.27

Preparation of cathepsins B and H by covalent chromatography and characterization of their catalytic sites by reaction with a thiol-specific two-protonic-state reactivity probe. Kinetic study of cathepsins B and H extending into alkaline media and a rapid spectroscopic titration of cathepsin H at pH 3-4. Biochem J (1985) 1.26

Short-term physical risk factors for new episodes of low back pain. Prospective evidence from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) (1999) 1.26

A new interspecific, Gossypium hirsutum x G. barbadense, RIL population: towards a unified consensus linkage map of tetraploid cotton. Theor Appl Genet (2009) 1.24

Cognitive functions and aging in the dog: acquisition of nonspatial visual tasks. Behav Neurosci (1994) 1.24

Analysis of the role of the COOH-terminal domain in the activation, proteolytic activity, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase interactions of gelatinase B. J Biol Chem (1994) 1.23

A general framework of cysteine-proteinase mechanism deduced from studies on enzymes with structurally different analogous catalytic-site residues Asp-158 and -161 (papain and actinidin), Gly-196 (cathepsin B) and Asn-165 (cathepsin H). Kinetic studies up to pH 8 of the hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide catalysed by cathepsin B and of L-arginine 2-naphthylamide catalysed by cathepsin H. Biochem J (1985) 1.23

Acute osteoporotic vertebral collapse: open study on percutaneous injection of acrylic surgical cement in 20 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol (1999) 1.23

Human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 interacts with both the N- and C-terminal domains of gelatinases A and B. Regulation by polyanions. J Biol Chem (1999) 1.23

The impact of musculoskeletal hand problems in older adults: findings from the North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP). Rheumatology (Oxford) (2007) 1.22

Consequences of molecular recognition in the S1-S2 intersubsite region of papain for catalytic-site chemistry. Change in pH-dependence characteristics and generation of an inverse solvent kinetic isotope effect by introduction of a P1-P2 amide bond into a two-protonic-state reactivity probe. Biochem J (1988) 1.22

A marked gradation in active-centre properties in the cysteine proteinases revealed by neutral and anionic reactivity probes. Reactivity characteristics of the thiol groups of actinidin, ficin, papain and papaya peptidase A towards 4,4'-dipyridyl disulphide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) dianion. Biochem J (1983) 1.21

Faecal carriage of group B streptococci. J Clin Pathol (1980) 1.21

First observation of CP violation in the decays of B(s)0 mesons. Phys Rev Lett (2013) 1.21

Weak association between subjective symptoms or and objective testing for dry eyes and dry mouth: results from a population based study. Ann Rheum Dis (1998) 1.21

CD40 ligand/CD40 stimulation regulates the production of IFN-gamma from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an IL-12- and/or CD28-dependent manner. J Immunol (1998) 1.20

Lysis of Streptococcus mutans by hen egg white lysozyme and inorganic sodium salts. J Bacteriol (1981) 1.20

Effects of decapitation, ether and pentobarbital on guanosine 3',5'-phosphate and adenosine 3',5'-phosphate levels in rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta (1974) 1.20

Natural structural variation in enzymes as a tool in the study of mechanism exemplified by a comparison of the catalytic-site structure and characteristics of cathepsin B and papain. pH-dependent kinetics of the reactions of cathepsin B from bovine spleen and from rat liver with a thiol-specific two-protonic-state probe (2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide) and with a specific synthetic substrate (N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide). Biochem J (1984) 1.19

Effects of conformational selectivity and of overlapping kinetically influential ionizations on the characteristics of pH-dependent enzyme kinetics. Implications of free-enzyme pKa variability in reactions of papain for its catalytic mechanism. Biochem J (1983) 1.19

Epidemiology of headache in an English district. Cephalalgia (2003) 1.19

CD30-mediated signaling promotes the development of human T helper type 2-like T cells. J Exp Med (1995) 1.18